The Lively Odyssey of the “John Brown” Courthouse by Jim Surkamp

by Jim Surkamp on September 19, 2014 in CivilianConfederateEnslavementJefferson CountyPre 1858UnionWartime

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VIDEO: The Lively Odyssey of the “John Brown”Courthouse Click Here. TRT: 15:31.
Flickr images: Flickr Images: Click Here.
41 images.

Made possible with the generous support of American Public University System, providing an affordable, quality, online education. The video and post do not reflect any modern-day policies or positions of American Public University System, and their content is intended to encourage discussion and better understanding of the past. More:

Summary:

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From its creation in 1836, this storied courthouse was the focus of the world during the trial of the John Brown raiders in October-November, 1859; then a casualty of shells and minie balls October 18, 1863, then again August 22nd, 1864, and scavenged constantly by souvenir-hunting Union passers-through, reducing it to a roofless, nearly floorless wreck in 1865 – as one wrote “a cesspool from which hope would spring eternal.” In a herculean effort of defiance and grit, the townspeople scraped together some $20,000 to build it again and eventually would get all the county legal functions back into this courthouse from the new opulent, magisterial courthouse built in Shepherdstown by Rezin Davis Shepherd. Then it achieved greatness by having its second treason trial – said to be the only American courthouse with that pedigree – with the trial of miners leader, Bill Blizzard and many others, in 1922.

The Lively Odyssey of the “John Brown” Courthouse

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Charles Washington loved his town – Charlestown. He promised his neighbors: “Make me a new county and I’ll give you a site for a courthouse.” So Charles died in 1799 and Jefferson County was born in 1801; and a small, commodious courthouse went up on the northeast corner of the public square of Charlestown. A bigger, ”born-again” courthouse went up in 1836. Mssrs. Lackland,

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Douglass, and Kennedy helped to buy a $200 parcel just to the north owned by Andrew Hunter, a lawyer. This symbol of town pride reigned as the B&O railroad brought business to the region from Baltimore and Ohio – until the trial in 1859 of John

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Brown for high treason for his raid on the federal armory in Harper’s Ferry. A nation tearing, but not quite divided was riveted on the downstairs courtroom where wounded, but unbending Brown spoke his cause – right up to his death.

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The county’s written memory – deeds, wills, marriages, records – all were whisked away to safety in Lexington, Virginia by County Clerk Thomas A. Moore as the war began.

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Blueocoats and graycoats all swept over the county, shooting, galloping, ducking, raiding pigpens, hayfields, kitchen pantries, as the local, enslaved blacks either caught a ride out following the bluecoats or stayed even closer to the farms and homes they’d help to maintain and build.

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1863: The Courthouse almost lost

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On October 18, 1863, Confederate General John Imboden surrounded the town with his some 2,000 men and eight pieces of artillery

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Imboden shelled the courthouse when its occupiers, some 375 volunteers in the Union’s 9th Maryland infantry regiment, refused to surrender.

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The proud courthouse would fall with the South into ruin. On October 18th, 1863, Confederate General John Imboden surprised a Union garrison, commanded by Lt. Col. Benjamin Simpson in Charlestown.

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(Simpson testified later:)
“I went out and saw a man approaching on horseback with a flag of truce in his hand. ‘Halt! What do you want?’ – ‘General Imboden demands the unconditional surrender of the town.’ ‘If he wants it tell him to come and take it.’ In about five minutes, the gentleman came back. ‘General Imboden requests that you remove all the women and children from the houses in the vicinity of the courthouse and jail, as he intends to shell the town.’ ‘This shall be done, but it will take about an hour. You must think we are foolish.’

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A shell struck one corner of it and glancing from against the log pailisade exploded. Every shot they fired struck the courthouse. A third shot entered it and exploding in the palisade of the upper story wounded the adjutant (who later died) and one private. There were from ten to twenty shells struck and exploded in the courthouse and around it.

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Simpson reported 250 – or about half – of his men were “wounded, killed, or missing.”

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August 21st-22nd, 1864: Federals are routed back again through Charlestown

Sunday, August 21st, 1864: (James E. Taylor), an artist with General Sheridan’s Army, dined at Sarah Bell’s Sappington Hotel, near the courthouse and after checking his stabled horses, he noticed the Union infantry marching past. “We passed to the courthouse to view the 6th and 8th Corps after their arduous work in holding Early in check on the Smithfield Pike. It would

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require an inspired pen to truly picture the intensified emotion and gloomy silence that pervaded the ranks of the muskateers as they moved by the old temple of justice in the growing night – all in marked contrast to their elastic steps on a bright

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morning a few days earlier, when – with waving banner, martial music and voices that inspired the song – “John Brown’s Body is a harbinger of victory.”

Monday, August 22nd, 1864, Sappington Hotel:
“We could hear the clatter of horses tearing like mad down the Pike and whistling minies splashing against the courthouse wall. Shells began exploding about, the enemy having gotten a battery in position on the west end of town. We whirled wildly away and down a side street in preference to joining the stampeding bluecoats on the bullet-swept street.

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General Anderson’s infantry and General Fitzhugh Lee’s cavalry were driving General Wilson and Alfred N. Duffie’s cavalry divisions from the town and established a line beyond it.

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The courthouse and the county were a ruin in 1865.

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When the war ended and soldiers on both sides limped or wandered home and, blacks either struggled with their new freedom in an unsympathetic, impoverished South or started anew in the North, the courthouse in Charlestown stood a defiled ruin of shattered lifeways, a broken bridge to the past.

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Northern writer John Trowbridge arrived in Charlestown in the fall of 1865 and visited the site of the courthouse:

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A short walk up into the centre of the town took us to the scene of John Brown’s trial. It was a consolation to see that the jail had been laid in ashes, and that the court-house, where the mockery of justice was performed, was a ruin abandoned to rats and toads. Four mossy white brick pillars, still standing, supported a riddled roof, through which God’s blue sky and gracious sunshine smiled. The main portion of the building had been literally torn to pieces. In the floorless hall of justice, rank weeds were growing. Names of Union soldiers were scrawled along the wall. No torch had been applied to the wood-work, but the work of destruction had been performed by the hands of hilarious soldier-boys ripping up floors and pulling down laths and joists to the tune of ‘John Brown’ – the swelling melody of the song and the accompaniment of crashing partitions, reminding the citizens who thought to have destroyed the old hero, that his soul was marching on.

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Useless as a keeper of the sacred records, the County Courthouse was officially moved to Shepherdstown’s brand-new courthouse, built from the generous coin of Rezin Davis Shepherd.

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Image courtesy Lloyd Osterdorf Estate
Charlestown’s old courthouse “stood naked, disgraced,” reflecting the Town’s broken spirit. The courthouse and jail had been picked over for four years by Union soldiers and souvenir-hunters, leaving just the bare walls of the stone courthouse.

An 1869 visitor from Chicago walked down Charlestown’s streets: “The ruined courthouse and jail have been despoiled by soldiers to make quarters and tens of thousands of men have marched through Charlestown singing ‘John Brown’s Body lies mouldering in the grave, his soul is marching on.’ The courthouse maintains its walls and outlines; and the four brick and plastered Doric columns are still standing. But the roof is reduced to a few beams. The whole interior is torn out. and the edifice now only has one floor, a cellar, and, to speak truthfully, the cesspool of all the vagrants of the village. To look into the interior is to feel revolted, yet to say: ‘This place is accursed.’”

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But pride and hope spring eternal, even from a cesspool. Charlestown’s town pride was lit by a scheme of Shepherdstown leaders to buy up and forever prevent the old courthouse from rising again from the ashes. (With) that move blocked, Charlestown’s artisans and leaders scraped together a plan to rebuild their courthouse at half of what they believed was the price for the Shepherdstown structure, trying to keep the budget for their courthouse at less than $20,000. And they succeeded, coming in at $18,500.

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Then in August, 1871, with the State Legislature siding with returning the county seat to Charlestown, Charlestown worked and plastered and sawed, hammered and poured and painted – until on December 21st, 1872, Mr. Woodman of the Howard Watch & Clock Company of Boston eased the beautiful clock onto the courthouse cupola, aided by a handsome, deep-toned bell, courtesy of the Troy Manufacturing Company.

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“Our church-going friends,” wrote Mr. (John S.) Gallaher, the editor of The Virginia Free Press, “will have an opportunity of noting the time for preparing for church on time by the clear, distinct tones of the clock.”

Fed up with the droves of tourists wanting to see the John Brown courtroom, the new building was designed so that it had offices on the first floor in its place.

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Moreover, for almost the next four decades, the elegant courtroom upstairs was used as only one of three circuit stops for the state Supreme Court of Appeals.

A visitor in September, 1894, wrote: Charles Town, WV (Named now made into two words-JS) contrasts most favorably with Harper’s Ferry, being as neat and thrifty as the other is shabby. Of course, you drive at once to the courthouse which is, partly, the building in which John Brown was tried. The walls cover the same space, and the pillars in front are in the same position, although higher; and walking through the lower hall to the rear, you can pass over the very space John Brown’s mattress lay. But all the lower floor is now devoted to offices and the courtroom is up one flight.

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Standing in the doorway was a pleasant-looking gentleman, apparently forty-five years of age, smoking a corn-cob pipe and, in it, the fragrant, natural-leaf.

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The 20th Century

As time went on, business went on. The courthouse grew bigger, adding an annex in 1910. A young “Bud” Morgan remembered Charles Town in the nineteen-teens. (He wrote): A great sight each summer day was the row of Confederate veterans, sitting on the east end of the courthouse wall. About twelve to fifteen of them gathered there every day – some in tattered uniforms, some missing an arm or a leg, but all happy and cheerful, joking and kidding with all who passed by.

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They were the most highly honored and respected men in the County. I was a favorite with them because some had served in the 1st Virginia cavalry, of which my grand-father, William A. Morgan, was colonel.

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At another celebrated treason trial in this building – that of miner-leader, Bill Blizzard in 1922 – the town’s women demurely vied with news reporters for the prized 150 seats in the courtroom.

Juries still give verdicts there. The gavel still drops, and lives of all kinds are thus changed forever at the Jefferson County Courthouse.

39_Juries still give verdicts there

References:

1. Howe, Henry. (1852). “Historical Collections of Virginia.” Charleston, S.C.: W. R. Babcock. Print.

Howe, Henry. (1852). “Historical Collections of Virginia.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2012.
pp. 341-343.

2. “‘They Are Coming!: Testimony at the Court of Inquiry on Imboden’s Capture of Charles Town,” edited by Paul E. Barr, Jr., and Michael P. Musick. Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society. Vol. LIV. (December, 1988).

3. October 18, 1863 – Battle of Charlestown, Va.

Volume XXIX – in Two Parts. 1890. (Vol. 29, Chap. 41); Chapter XLI – Operations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. August 4-December 31, 1863. Digital Library. Cornell University. 28 August 2004 Web. 10 July 2011.

Part I – Reports
3a. Report of Union Col. George D. Wells
p. 487.

3b. Report of Union Lt. Col. Benjamin L. Simpson (states his loss is 250 (“killed, wounded, and missing”). Digital Library. Cornell University. 28 August 2004 Web. 10 July 2011.
p. 489.

3c. Report of Confederate Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden (states he captured “numbering 400 and 500 men & officers”). Digital Library. Cornell University. 28 August 2004 Web. 10 July 2011.
p. 490.

4. August 21st, 1864 – Battle of Charlestown, WVa.

Series I – Volume XLIII – Chapter LV in Two Parts: Official records of the Union and Confederate armies

Part I – Operations in Northern Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. August 4-December 31, 1864. Reports, Union and Confederate Correspondence, etc. Digital Library. Cornell University. 28 August 2004 Web. 10 July 2011.

Part II – Operations in Northern Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. August 4-December 31, 1864. Union and Confederate Correspondence, etc. Digital Library. Cornell University. 28 August 2004 Web. 10 July 2011.
More:

5. Sanders, (Hon.) David H. “The Story of the Jefferson County Courthouse.” The Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society. (December, 1996). Vol. LXII, Print.

6. Trowbridge, John T. (1866). “The South: a tour of its battlefields and ruined cities, a journey through the desolated states, and talks with the people: being a decription of the present state of the country – its agriculture – railroads – business and finances.” Hartford, Conn., L. Stebbins. Print.

Trowbridge, John T. (1866).” The South: a tour of its battlefields and ruined cities, a journey through the desolated states, and talks with the people: being a decription of the present state of the country – its agriculture – railroads -business and finances.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2012.
– pp. 69-73.
– More:

(p. 69) The Trip to Charlestown

“One morning I took the train up the Valley to Charles Town, distant from Harper’s Ferry eight miles.

“The railroad was still in the hands of the government. There were military guards on the platforms, and about an equal mixture of Loyalists and Rebels within the cars. Furloughed soldiers, returning to their regiments at Winchester or Staunton, occupied seats with Confederate officers just out of their uniforms. The strong, dark, defiant self-satisfied face typical of the second-rate ‘chivalry’ and the good-natured, shrewd inquisitive physiognomy of the Yankee speculator going to look at Southern lands, were to be seen side-by-side in curious contrast. There also rode the well-dressed wealthy planter, who had been to Washington to solicit pardon for his treasonable acts, and the humble freedman returning to the home from which he had been driven by violence, when the war closed and left him free. Mothers and daughters of the first families of Virginia sat serene and uncomplaining in the atmosphere of mothers and daughters of the despised races late their slaves or their neighbors, but now citizens like themselves, free to go and come and as clearly entitled to places in the government train as the proudest dames of the land.

“We passed through a region of country stamped all over by the devastating heel of war. For miles not a fence or cultivated field was visible. ‘It is just like this all the way up the Shenandoah Valley,’ said a gentleman at my side, a Union man from Winchester. ‘The wealthiest people with us are now the poorest. With hundreds of acres they can’t raise a dollar. Their slaves have (p. 70) left them and they have no money, even if they have the disposition to hire the freed people.’

“I suggested that farms, under such circumstances should be for sale at low rates. ‘They should be, but your Southern aristocrat is a monomaniac on the subject of owning land. He will part with his acres about as willingly as he will part with his life. If the Valley had not been the best part of Virginia, it would long ago have been spoiled by the ruinous system of agriculture in use here. Instead of tilling thoroughly a small farm, a man fancies he is doing a wise thing by half-tilling a large one. Slave labor is always slovenly and unproductive. But everything is being revolutionized now. Northern men and northern methods are coming into this Valley as sure as water runs downhill. It is the greatest corn, wheat and grass country in the world. The only objection is that in spots the limestone crops out a good deal. There was scarcely anything raised this season except grass; you could see hundreds of acres of that, waving breast-high without a fence.’

“At the end of a long hour’s ride, we arrived at Charles Town, chiefly of interest to me as the place of John Brown’s martyrdom. We alighted from the train on the edge of boundless unfenced fields, into whose melancholy solitudes the desolate streets emptied themselves – rivers to that ocean of weeds. The town resembled to my eye some unprotected female sitting, sorrowful on the wayside, in tattered and faded apparel, with unkempt tresses fallen negligently about features which might once have been attractive.”

“On the steps of a boarding house I found an acquaintance whose countenance gleamed with pleasure ‘at sight,’ as he said, ‘of a single loyal face in that nest of secession.’ He had been two or three days in the place waiting for luggage which had been miscarried.

“‘They are all Rebels here – all rebels!’ he exclaimed as he took his cane and walked with me. ‘They are a pitiable poverty-stricken set, there is no money in the place, and scarcely anything to eat. We have for breakfast salt-fish, (p.71) fried potatoes and treason. Fried potatoes, treason, and salt-fish for dinner. At supper, the fare is slightly varied, and we have treason, salt-fish potatoes, and a little more treason. My landlady’ s daughter is Southern fire incarnate; and she illustrates Southern politeness by abusing Northern people and the government from morning ‘till night, for my especial edification. Sometimes I venture to answer her, when she flies at me, figuratively speaking, like a cat. The women are not the only out-spoken Rebels, although they are the worst. The men don’t hesitate to declare their sentiments, in season and out of season.’

“My friend concluded with this figure: ‘The war feeling here is like a burning bush with a wet blanket wrapped around it. Looked at from the outside, the fire seems quenched. But just peep under the blanket and there it is, all alive and eating, eating in. The wet blanket is the present government policy; and every act of conciliation shown the Rebels is just letting in so much air to feed the fire.’

Description of the courthouse:
“A short walk up into the centre of the town took us to the scene of John Brown’s trial. It was a consolation to see that the jail had been laid in ashes, and that the court-house, where the mockery of justice was performed, was a ruin abandoned to rats and toads. Four mossy white brick pillars, still standing, supported a riddled roof, through which God’s blue sky and gracious sunshine smiled. The main portion of the building had been literally torn to pieces. In the floorless hall of justice, rank weeds were growing. Names of Union soldiers were scrawled along the wall. No torch had been applied to the wood-work, but the work of destruction had been performed by the hands of hilarious soldier-boys ripping up floors and pulling down laths and joists to the tune of ‘John Brown’ – the swelling melody of the song and the accompaniment of crashing partitions, reminding the citizens who thought to have destroyed the old hero, that his soul was marching on.”

“It was also a consolation to know that the court-house and the jail would probably never be rebuilt, the county seat having been removed from Charles Town to Shepherdstown” – (p. 72) ‘forever’ say the resolute loyal citizens of Jefferson County, who refuse to vote it back again.

“As we were taking comfort, reflecting how unexpectedly at last justice had been done at that court-house, the townspeople passed on the sidewalk, ‘daughters and sons of beauty,’ for they were mostly a fine-looking, spirited class; one of whom, at a question which I put to him, stopped quite willingly and talked with us. I have seldom seen a handsome young face, a steadier eye, or more decided pose and aplomb, neither have I ever seen the outward garment of courtesy so plumply filled out with the spirit of arrogance. His brief replies spoken with a pleasant countenance, yet with short, sharp downward inflections, were like pistol shots. Very evidently the death of John Brown, and the war that came swooping down the old man’s path to avenge him, and to accomplish the work wherein he failed, were not pleasing subjects to this young southern blood. And no wonder. His coat had an empty sleeve. The arm which should have been there had been lost fighting against his country. His almost savage answers did not move me; but all the while I looked with compassion at his fine young face, and that pendant idle sleeve. He had fought against his country; his country had won; and he was of those who had lost, not arms and legs only, but all they had been madly fighting for, and more, – prosperity, prestige and power. His beautiful South was devastated, and her soil drenched with the best blood of her young men. Whether regarded as a crime or a virtue, the folly of making war upon the mighty North was now demonstrated, and the despised Yankees had proved conquerors of the chivalry of the South. ‘Well may your thoughts be bitter,’ my heart said, as I thanked him for his information.

“To my surprise he seemed mollified, his answers losing their explosive quality and sharp downward inflection. He even seemed inclined to continue the conversation and as we passed we left him on the sidewalk looking after us wistfully, as if the spirit working within him had still no word to say different from any he had yet spoken. What his (p. 73) secret thoughts were, standing there with his dangling sleeve, it would be interesting to know.

“Walking through town we came to other barren and open fields on the further side. Here we engaged a bright young colored girl to guide us to the spot where John Brown’s gallows stood. She led us into the wilderness of weeds waist-high to her as she tramped on, parting them before her with her hands. The country all around us lay utterly desolate without enclosures, and without cultivation. We seemed to be striking out into the rolling prairies of the West, except that these fields of ripening and fading weeds had not the summer freshness of the prairie-grass. A few scattering groves skirted them; and here and there a fenceless road drew its winding, dusty line away over the arid hills. ‘This is about where it was, ’ said the girl, after searching some time among the tall weeds. ‘Nobody knows now just where the gallows stood. There was a tree here, but that has been cut down and carried away, stump and roots and all, by folks that wanted something to remember John Brown by. Every soldier took a piece of it, if it was only a little chip.’ So widely and deeply had the dying old hero impressed his spirit upon his countrymen; affording the last great illustration of the power of Truth to render even the gallows venerable, and to glorify an ignominious death.

“I stood on the spot the girl pointed out to us, amid the gracefully drooping golden rods, and looked at the same sky old John Brown looked his last upon, and the same groves and the distant Blue Ridge, the sight of whose cerulean summits, clad in Sabbath tranquility and softest heavenly light, must have conveyed a sweet assurance to his soul.

“Then I turned and looked at the town, out of which flocked the curious crowds to witness his death. Over the heads of the spectators, over the heads of soldiery surrounding him, his eye ranged until arrested by one strangely prominent object. There it still stands on the outskirts of the town, between it and the fields – a church (Zion Episcopal Church – ED) pointing its silent finger to heaven and recalling to the earnest heart those texts of Scripture from (p. 74) which John Brown drew his inspiration and for the truth of which he willingly gave his life.

“I had the curiosity to stop at this church on our way back to the town. The hand of ruin had smitten it. Only the brick walls and zinc-covered spire remained uninjured. The belfry had been broken open, the windows demolished. The doors were gone. Within, you saw a hollow thing, symbolical. Two huge naked beams extended from end-to-end of the empty walls which were scribbled over with soldiers’ names, and with patriotic mottoes interesting for proud Virginians to read. The floors had been torn up and consumed in cooking soldiers’ rations, and the foul and trampled interior showed plainly what use it had served. The church, which overlooked John’s Brown’s martyrdom, and under whose roof his executioners assembled afterwards to worship, not the God of the poor and the oppressed, but the god of the slaveholder and the aristocrat had been converted into a stable.”

7. A. M. S. Morgan, (1988). “Charles Town, 1912-1924: A Boy’s Eye-view of Charles Town and Its People.” Charles Town, WV: self-published. Print.

A. M. S. Morgan, (1988). “Charles Town, 1912-1924: A Boy’s Eye-view of Charles Town and Its People.” books.google.com December, 2004 Web. 2 September 2014.

Image Credits:

1. Charles Washington and site of his home Happy Retreat images posted by Michael Gavin
findagrave.com 26 July 2003 Web. 4 September 2014.

2-3. Images of Harpers Ferry (used in video), Charlestown, Va.
Howe, Henry. (1852). “Historical Collections of Virginia.” Charleston, S.C.: W. R. Babcock. Print.

Howe, Henry. (1852). “Historical Collections of Virginia.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2012.
Harpers Ferry – p. 334.
Charlestown – p. 342.

4. (used in video) Andrew Hunter
wvculture.org 2 March 2000 Web. 1 Oct. 2011.

5. Sketched by Porte Crayon, reproduced from Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly. Brown is pictured lying on a stretcher, still recovering from the sword wound inflicted by Israel Green. wvculture.org 2 March 2000 Web. 1 Oct. 2011.

Home page of David Hunter Strother Collection:
West Virginia Regional and History Collection
images.lib.wvu.edu 20 November 1999 Web. 25 May 2014.

6. Strother, David Hunter; John Brown on Trial, Oct. 26, 1859, Charleston, Va. (W1995.030.394pg29)
images.lib.wvu.edu 20 November 1999 Web. 25 May 2014.

7. Strother, David Hunter; Charleston, Va. The Execution of John Brown, December 2nd 1859 (W1995.030.374). images.lib.wvu.edu 20 November 1999 Web. 25 May 2014.

8. (used in video) The Trial Of John Brown, At Charlestown, Virginia, For Treason And Murder, Harper’s Weekly, 12 November 1859 – Porte Crayon (David Hunter Strother), Harper’s Weekly, November 12, 1859

9. (used in video) Courthouse Charlestown, Va., 1859 – Frank Leslie’s illustrated newspaper, v. 8, no. 207 (1859 Nov. 19), p. 383.

10. (used in video) [Rappahannock River, Va. Fugitive African Americans fording the Rappahannock]
Digital ID: (digital file from original neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540. loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

11. (used in video) Five generations on Smith’s Plantation, Beaufort, South Carolina
Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540
loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

12-14. 9th Maryland soldiers, p. 39; courthouse, p. 28 (Lloyd Osterdorf Estate); Lt. Col. Simpson, p. 21.
“‘They Are Coming!’: Testimony at the Court of Inquiry on Imboden’s Capture of Charles Town,” in “Jefferson County Historical Magazine,” LIV, Dec. 1988, Paul E. Barr, Jr., and Michael P. Musick, eds.

August 21-22, 1864 – Battle of Charlestown, WV.

15. Alfred_N._Duffié
wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

16. (used in video) Sketch of Engagement at Charlestown, Va., Sunday Aug. 21st, 1864
baylor.edu 9 May 1997 Web. 20 June 2014.

17. James_H._Wilson
wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

18. Richard_H._Anderson
wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

19. (used in video) Marching
youtube.com 4 January 2012 Web. 4 September 2014.

20. (used in video) John Brown’s body / J. Weldon Norris Chorale [sound recording]
J. Weldon Norris Chorale; Place of Publication/Creation: Washington, D.C.; Published/Created: 2003. Type of Material: sound recording-musical; Publisher: unpublished; Form: sound recording.Physical Description: 1 digital audiotape: Note: Stand alone recording specifically for IHAS; Permissions note: This recording of “John Brown’s Body” made here with permission from the James Weldon Norris Chorale. loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

21. (used in video) Title: Gardner’s photographic sketch book of the war.
Other Title: Photographic sketchbook of the war
Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882.,
Related Names: Waud, Alfred R. (Alfred Rudolph), 1828-1891 , artist
Date Created/Published: Washington : Philp & Solomons, [1866]
Medium: 2 v. : ill. ; 32 x 43 cm. loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014. p. 98 – Sheridan lying on the ground
p. 108 – horse halt

22. (detail of Union guards) Confederate prisoners at Fairfax Courthouse, Virginia
memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

23. File:Frank Blackwell Mayer – Independence (Squire Jack Porter) – Google Art Project.jpg
commons.wikimedia.org 15 September 2004 Web. 20 April 2014.

24. Returning home after the war
artsbma.org 14 May 1998 Web. 2 September 2014.

25. Dinah, Portrait of a Negress
Eastman Johnson (American painter, 1824-1906)
b-womeninamericanhistory19.blogspot.com 20 December 2011 Web. 2 September 2014.
AND
the-athenaeum.org 23 May 2002 Web. 20 June 2014.

26. Denis Diderot – Making the Bell mold
Fonte des Cloches (Manufacturing Bells)
(France , c. 1770s). Diderot Pictorial Encyclopedia of Trades and Industry, Vol. 2.

27. (used in video) Image of man writing
Self-Portrait In this self-portrait, Eastman Johnson labors over a desk in a warmly lit room, most likely his Manhattan studio on Washington Square. The painting’s dark palette and quiet mood recall seventeenth-century Dutch genre paintings, whose style Johnson absorbed while studying at The Hague in the Netherlands. Some of the small framed paintings in the background were probably acquired during the artist’s time abroad, and the canvas itself is an artifact from that period of his life: x-radiographs reveal that Johnson painted this work over a copy of a Dutch portrait. Artist: Eastman Johnson, American, 1824-1906. Medium: Oil on canvas; Dates: ca. 1865-1870; Dimensions: 9 3/4 x 7 13/16 in. (24.8 x 19.9 cm): Signature: Signed lower left: “E. Johnson” 2 September 2014. brooklynmuseum.org 18 June 2012 Web.

28. John_Townsend_Trowbridge
wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

29. WV State Capitol early 1870s
Courtesy Julius Jones
wvculture.org 2 March 2000 Web. 1 Oct. 2011.

30. John Shannon Gallaher
Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.” Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnson Publishing. Print.

Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.”Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 1 March 2011.
p. 153.
More:

31. (used in video) Side view of a well-dressed man, 1890s
Pierce Bartlett
wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

32. Older William A. M. Morgan
wvhistoryonview.org 9 October 2010 Web. 2 September 2014.

33. (used in video) Jefferson County Courthouse, 1930s
loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

34. Soldiers singing
“McClellan Is Our Man”
Harper’s Weekly, August 2, 1862 P. 492
sonofthesouth.net start date unavailable Web. 2 September 2014.

35. Image of young “Bud” Morgan (used in video)
A. M. S. Morgan, (1988). “Charles Town, 1912-1924: A Boy’s Eye-view of Charles Town and Its People.” Charles Town, WV: self-published. Print.

A. M. S. Morgan, (1988). “Charles Town, 1912-1924: A Boy’s Eye-view of Charles Town and Its People.” books.google.com December, 2004 Web. 2 September 2014.