What They Said At The Constitutional Convention – 1787 by Jim Surkamp

by Jim Surkamp on June 8, 2019 in Adam StephenConstitutional ConventionGeorge WashingtonJefferson County

It was as tense and tough as these things always are. No beams of light, no haloes (except maybe for Ben Franklin at the end of June).

John Rutledge makes a profoundly clever cast on the convention’s accepted narrative favoring the southern states with his legal trial experience at work. Gouverneur Morris sounds like millions today. Others chill your blood. It almost fell apart – many many times. and — Alexander Hamilton came briefly at the beginning, messed up and returned to New York to see better days in print.Washington was sure it would be a bust mid-way. And if there was a Darwin Award in 1787, most certainly Luther Martin would be its winner by acclamation.

Researched, compiled and produced by Jim Surkamp with music by Cam Millar (cammillar.com) all synthesizer pieces are owned by Mr. Millar.

Shana Aisenberg creates and plays the acoustic music and he owns rights to same.

Made possible by the generous, community-minded support of American Public University System (apus.edu)., intended to encourage fact-based discussion on the past, the foundation of our present and future. No sentiment, even if commendable, in this series, reflects the 21st century policies of the University.

To watch the video, Click Here. TRT: 27:57

A People’s History of Jefferson County, WV Part 2 – The Rocky Road to Nationhood – The Constitutional Convention

by Jim Surkamp on June 9, 2019 in American RevolutionConstitutional ConventionGeorge WashingtonJefferson County

Made possible with the generous, community-minded support of American Public University System (apus.edu). Views and sentiments, even if commendable, in this or any presentations of civilwarscholars.com are intended to encourage fact-based discussion and understanding and do not in any way reflect the modern-day 21st century policies of the University.

1.
– (Jim Surkamp – by Jim Surkamp).
So,

2.
On May 24th 1787, the eve of the Constitutional Convention at Independence Hall in Philadelphia – call it – make or break time – there starkly stood Need for a central gov’t that could forcibly tax the people to retire a huge war debt, a need to regulate ALL interstate commerce, a need to be ONE voice before all the world for all times in regulating foreign trade, and a need to kill OFF the one rule that all thirteen states needed by law to explicitly OK any new power to the already hobbled central government – even any amendment to the Articles. The articles were not a road to the future. They were a tomb.
– (Map of Northeast U.S. – google.com/maps 13 October 2001 Web. 10 February 2019).

16:37

3.
– (Second Street North from Market St. with Christ Church – Philadelphia by William Birch shows the first city court house and, to the north on Second Street, Christ Church. Summary: Pedestrians; people seated in chairs in front of bldg. Created / Published: 1800. loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).- (philadelphiaencyclopedia.org 24 September 2019 Web. 19 January 2019).

16:56
4.
– (All rights reserved. XML+XSLT under JS in the browser using SaxonJS, from Saxonica, with help from XML Jelly Sandwich. – pellucidliterature.org 23 June 2017 Web. 19 January 2019).

Fifty-five delegates from all but one state poured into town.
17:01

5.
– (Detail of north elevation of Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall), from 1752 map of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Date: 1752 wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).

6.
– (The Assembly Hall – nps.gov 3 April 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

7.
– (Howard Chandler Christy: Signing of the Constitution; Collection: United States Capitol – Current location: East Stairway, House of Representatives wing – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).- (With Identification keywikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).

17:30
It began with some quick sleight of hand by Pennsylvania’s early arriving delegates that transformed the whole affair to be not just a tinkering of the Articles, as planned but an expedition to blow them up and start over with something new.
17:47

8.
– James Wilson – Artist: James Barton Longacre, 11 Aug 1794 – 1 Jan 1869. Copy after: Jean Pierre Henri Elouis, 1755 – c. 1843. Sitter: James Wilson, 14 Sep 1742 – 21 Aug 1798. Date: c. 1825 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution – npg.si.edu 24 December 1996 Web. 19 January 2019).

9.
– (James Madison – Artist: Charles Willson Peale, 15 Apr 1741 – 22 Feb 1827. Sitter: James Madison, 16 Mar 1751 – 28 Jun 1836. Date: c. 1792. Owner: Gilcrease Museum – gilcrease.org/ 12 December 19987 Web. 10 February 2019; npg.si.edu 24 December 1996 Web. 19 January 2019).

10.– (William Paterson – This image is from a copy (by Stapoko) of the original by Sharples in 1794. The original portrait has been etched by Max Rosenthal and printed on p. 181 of The History of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1902;[1] the etchings collected and published by Thomas Addis Emmet (1828–1919) in his Emmet Collection of Manuscripts Etc. Relating to American History,[2][3] donated to the library in 1896 – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).

11.
(John Dickinson Artist: Charles Willson Peale Title: English: Portrait of John Dickinson Description: Portrait of John Dickinson, American politician (November 8, 1732 – February 14, 1808) Date: 1780. commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019.

12.
– (Alexander Hamilton – Artist: John Trumbull Title: Alexander Hamilton. Date: 1806 Collection: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, United States – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

13.
– (William Davie Name: Davie, William Richardson, 1756-1820 Collection: Emmet Collection of Manuscripts Etc. Relating to American History.- nypl.org 3 January 1997 Web. 19 January 2019 & commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

40.
– Luther Martin Etching by Albert Rosenthal – 1905 – id.lib.harvard.edu 12 June 2015 Web. 19 January 2019 & wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).

41.
– (Gunning Bedford, Jr. Albert Rosenthal (1863 – 1939) Title: Gunning Bedford commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019 & loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

42.
– (Ben Franklin, painted by Charles Wilson Peale in 1785, here in Philadelphia, shortly after Franklin’s return from completing peace negotiations in England. Original at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts – library.upenn.edu 11 December 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

43.
– (Abraham Baldwin Artist: Charles Frederick Naegele (American, 1857 – 1944) Collection: Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia Gift of F. Phinizy Calhoun – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).

44.
– (Elbridge Gerry Engraving copy by J.B. Longacre, after Vonderlyn image 14 cm x 9.5 cm; full page 23.4 cm x 13.3 cm Frontispiece from “The Life of Elbridge Gerry” by James T. Austin. [Boston, Wells and Lilly- Court St. 1828] – archive.org 26 January 1997 Web. 19 January 2019 & masshist.org 5 April 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

45.

(George Washington Description: Portrait of George Washington Date: 1794 Author: Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller – mountvernon.org 11 November 1996 Web. 19 January 2019 & commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

46.
– (Rufus King A portrait of Rufus King (1820, Gilbert Stuart) located in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. – npg.si.edu 24 December 1996 Web. 19 January 2019 & wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).

47.

– (John Langdon – historicnewengland.org 26 December 2003 Web. 19 January 2019).

48.
– (Gouverneur Morris Title: “Gouverneur Morris, Esq.” Artist: Pierre Eugène Du Simitière Date: 1783 May 15th Publisher: London : Pub’d. by R. Wilkinson, No. 58 Cornhill courtesy of Library of Congress Online – loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019 & mountvernon.org 11 November 1996 Web. 19 January 2019).

49.
– (John Rutledge Attribution: John Trumbull Sitter: John Rutledge Date: c. 1791 – npg.si.edu 24 December 1996 Web. 19 January 2019).

50.
– (Roger Sherman Artist: Ralph Earl (1751–1801) “Roger Sherman (1721-1793), M.A. (Hon.) 1768” Collection: Yale University Art Gallery Gift of Roger Sherman White, B.A. 1899, LL.B. 1902. Courtesy of Yale University, New Haven, Conn. – commons.wikimedia.org5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

51.
– (George Mason Artist: John Hesselius (1728–1778) Description: Portrait of George Mason (1725-1792) Date: 1750 – rationalwiki.org 31 May 2019 Web. 19 January 2019).

52.
– (Oliver Ellsworth by James Sharples Senior, 1796-1797 Independence National Historical Park – nps.gov 13 April 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

53.
– (Charles Pinckney in Gilbert Stuart Portrait circa 1786 – nps.gov 13 April 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

54.
– (David Brearly Courtesy the Trenton Public Library – archives.gov 31 March 2002 Web. 10 January 2019).

55.
– (William Samuel Johnson Artist: Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828) U.S. government property, National Portrait Gallery – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

56.
– (Hugh Williamson 1790 Etching by Albert Rosenthal after painting by John Trumbull North Carolina Division of Archives and History – archives.upenn.edu 27 November 1999 Web. 19 January 2019 & cr.nps.gov 13 April 1997 Web. 19 January 2019 & commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

57.
– (Edmund Randolph [Edmund Randolph, head-and-shoulders portrait] Contributor Names: Brumidi, Constantino, 1805-1880, artist Detroit Publishing Co., copyright claimant Created/Published: c1904 – loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

58.
– (Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Artist: James Earl (1761–1796) Date: circa 1795-1796 Collection: Worcester Art Museum Charles Cotesworth Pinckney; to his brother General Thomas Pinckney. By descent to Mrs. St. Julien Ravenel; to her son Frank Ravenel; to his wife, Mrs. Frank C. Ravenel, Charleston, S.C. Purchased by the Worcester Art Museum from Frank W. Bayley, Copley Gallery, Boston, April 21, 1921 – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

59.
– (Nathaniel Gorham by Charles Willson Peale, circa 1793, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, No: 48.1356. Date: circa 1793 – nps.gov 13 April 1997 Web. 19 January 2019 & wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).

60.
– (Pierce Butler Description: Miniature of Pierce Butler. Date: Unknown date Source: National Archives and Records Administration – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

61.
– (Effects of the Fugitive-Slave-Law – americanantiquarian.org 13 October 1999 Web. 19 January 2019).

62.
– (painting man signing Howard Chandler Christy: Signing of the Constitution Title: Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Collection: United States Capitol
Current location: East Stairway, House of Representatives wing – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019 & Identification key)
.

63.
– (Signatures on the Constitution – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

64.
– (Assembly Room – Independence Hall – nps.gov 13 April 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

23:44
That glorious day – when the Constitution’s skirt was decorated with the blood-oath signatures of the “YES” men – all the delegates there that day – but for three.

65 & 66.
– (Shannondale Springs from old Route 9 & Jim Surkamp, August 5, 2018 – both by Jim Surkamp).

Our county’s history has made some big contributions to the country’s history. This is special to our nation’s fortunes. This is one. Listen in —

67.
– (Map of states 1787 – carolana.com 2 February 2006 Web. 19 January 2019).
The proposed United States Constitution is passed by a vote in Philadelphia in September, 1787 – PENDING the approval of at least nine states in their own ratifying conventions. If Virginia, which included us here, and being a state with one fifth of all the potential nation’s population – were to vote “NO” What might have happened?68.
– (Traveling in Frontier Days The City of Cleveland by Edmund Kirke Harpers Magazine, March, 1886 Howard Pyle’s book of the American spirit; the romance of American history, pictured by Howard Pyle, comp. by Merle Johnson, with narrative descriptive text from original sources, edited by Francis J. Dowd. Published: New York, Harper & brothers, 1923 – hathitrust.org 19 September 2008 Web. 19 January 2019). p. 151.69a & 69b.
– (The United States of North America with the British and Spanish Territories 1783 – carolana.com/ 2 February 2006 Web. 19 January 2019).- (Flag of Spain – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).- (Flag of France – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).We would have been descended into an enfeebled anarchy and be exploited by powerful countries with vast holdings immediately to our west.70.
– (Boston Centinel June 11, 1788 – teachingamericanhistory.org 6 January 2002 Web. 19 January 2019).71.
71a.
– (George Mason (matte) – memory.loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).72.

– (The Assembly room – nps.gov 3 April 1997 Web. 19 January 2019). – (George Washington at Princeton. (matte) Date: circa 1790 Source: Christie’s, Author: Charles Peale Polk (1767–1822)- commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).It didn’t look good because George Mason of Virginia – a delegate-to-be at the Virginia Convention – humiliated Washington at the Convention the year before and left refusing to sign the final product. Mason had stormed out of the Philadelphia meeting the previous summer, refusing to sign the result because of a 9-0 and one abstention vote blocked his last-minute motion to start a new committee to explore a Bill of Rights.All the delegates were exhausted and had been trickling homeward already.73.
– (Second Street North from Market St. with Christ Church – Philadelphia by William Birch shows the first city court house and, to the north on Second Street, Christ Church.
Summary: Pedestrians; people seated in chairs in front of bldg. Contributor Names: Birch, William Russell, 1755-1834, engraver Created / Published: 1800. loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019 & philadelphiaencyclopedia.org 24 September 2019 Web. 19 January 2019)
.Gouverneur Morris along with James Wilson of Pennsylvania wrote the final version of the Constitution – and he was also a close friend of General Washington.74.
– (Gouverneur Morris Artist: Pierre Eugène Du Simitière
Date: 1783 May 15th Publisher: London : Pub’d. by R. Wilkinson, No. 58 Cornhill courtesy of Library of Congress Online – loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019)
.He turned to Mason and said sarcastically: “What a marvelous idea, we have been talking about that for weeks!” But when Mason, while debating a measure to check the power of an American president devilishly crowed before Washington: This Convention is “about to try an experiment on which the most despotic Governments had never ventured – the Grand Signor himself has his Divan.” Washington, from that day forth until Mason died – called this old wrecking ball of a man: my “quondam (“erstwhile” or “former”) friend.”75,76,77.
– (Nero at Baiae – fresco author unknown monstersandcritics.com 31 December 2003 Web. 19 January 2019). – (George Washington at Princeton. (matte) Date: circa 1790 Source: Christie’s, Author: Charles Peale Polk (1767–1822)
commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019)
. – (George Mason (matte) – memory.loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).78.
– (pinterest.com 2 February 2010 Web. 19 January 2019).79.
– (Tobias Lear by Henry Bryan Hall, 1869. – mountvernon.org 11 November 1996 Web. 19 January 2019).But what did not fade away was a stream of vilely-worded hand bills about the delegates of the Constitutional Convention going back to George Mason. With the Virginia Convention approaching, Washington’s private secretary, Tobias Lear, wrote to John Langdon: Mr. Mason and Mr. Henry still continue opposition with unabated violence. The opponents . . .here have changed their mode of attack —- The are now endeavoring to deprecate the characters which composed the general convention. . .Even col. Mason has descended to this ow method and has declared that the Convention, generally speaking, was made of blockheads, from the northern, coxcombs from the southern & office seekers from the middle states.References:1. The records of the federal convention of 1787 – 3 vols./ edited by Max Farrand.
Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019.2. Hutson, James H. (1987). “Supplement to Max Farrand’s the Records of the Federal Convention of 1787.” (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
books.google.com 24 November 2005 Web. 10 February 2019.3. Maryland Journal February 29, 1788. infoplease.com 1 December 1998 Web. 10 February 2019.4. The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 3/ edited by Max Farrand.
Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. Title Page.5. Mr. Wilson – June 6
He wished for vigor in the Govt, but he wished that vigorous authority to flow immediately from the legitimate source of all authority. The Govt. ought to possess not only 1st. the force but 2ndly. the mind or sense of the people at large. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 1/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 132.6. James Madison – June 6
It was to be inferred then that wherever these prevailed the State was too small. Had they not prevailed in the largest as well as the smallest tho’ less than in the smallest; and were we not thence admonished to enlarge the sphere as far as the nature of the Govt. would admit. This was the only defence agst. the inconveniences of democracy consistent with the democratic form of Govt. All civilized Societies would be divided into different Sects, Factions, & interests, as they happened to consist of rich & poor, debtors & creditors, the landed the manufacturing, the commercial interests, the inhabitants of this district, or that district, the followers of this political leader or that political leader, the disciples of this religious sect or that religious sect. In all cases where a majority are united by a common interest or passion, the rights of the minority are in danger. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 1/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. pp. 134-135.7. Richard Patterson – June 9
Let them unite if they please, but let them remember that they have no authority to compel the others to unite. N. Jersey will never confederate on the plan before the Committee. She would be swallowed up. He had rather submit to a monarch, to a despot, than to such a fate. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 1/ edited by Max Farrand.
Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 172.8. John Dickinson – June 9
The eagourness displayed by the Members opposed to a Natl. Govt. from these different (motives) began now to produce serious anxiety for the result of the Convention. — Mr. Dickenson said to Mr. Madison you see the consequence of pushing things too far. Some of the members from the small States wish for two branches in the General Legislature, and are friends to a good National Government; but we would sooner submit to a foreign power, than submit to be deprived of an equality of suffrage, in both branches of the legislature, and thereby be thrown under the domination of the large States. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 1/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 242. (footnote)9. William Samuel Johnson (implying “Alexander Hamilton”)
While the centralized Virginia Plan and the New Jersey favoring smaller states had both been proposed, Johnson then stated: A gentleman from New-York, with boldness and decision, proposed a system totally different from both; and though he has been praised by everybody, he has been supported by none. He continues: I could have wished, that the supporters of the Jersey system could have satisfied themselves with the principles of the Virginia plan and that the individuality of the states could be supported. It is agreed on all hands that a portion of government is to be left to the states. How can this be done? It can be done by joining the states in their legislative capacity with the right of appointing the second branch of the national legislature, to represent the states individually. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 1/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 363.10. William Davie in a letter to Richard Carswell – June 19
We move slowly in our business; it is indeed a work of great delicacy and difficulty, impeded at every step by jealousies and jarring interests. Supplement to Max Farrand’s the Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 By United States. Constitutional Convention, James H. Hutson. books.google.com 24 November 2005 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 97.11. Oliver Ellsworth (using the pseudonym “Landholder”) on Luther Martin – June 28
You, too, contended that the powers and authorities of the new Constitution must destroy the liberties of the people; but that the same powers and authorities might be safely trusted with the Old Congress. You cannot have forgotten, that by such ignorance in politics and contradictory opinions, you exhausted the politeness of the Convention, which at length prepared to slumber when you rose to speak; nor can you have forgotten, you were only twice appointed a member of a Committee, or that these appointments were made merely to avoid your endless garrulity, and if possible, lead you to reason, by the easy road of familiar conversation. But lest you should say that I am a record only of the bad, I shall faithfully recognize whatever occurred to your advantage. You originated that clause in the Constitution which enacts, that “This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or the law of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.” You voted that an appeal should lay to the Supreme Judiciary of the United States, for the correction of all errors both in law and fact.See foot note on p. 449 In June 28th report, mainly of Luther Martin’s comments on the issues. “See controversy between Ellsworth and Martin, Appendix A, CLXXXIX-CXCII
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 3 Supplements / edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. pp. 271-295 (Landholder to Luther Martin’ Martin’s written response) p. 445 (Footnote reference to the above source material in Vol. 3) and a summary of Martin’s address on June 18, 1787.12. Oliver Ellsworth: Landholder 10. Maryland Journal February 29, 1788. infoplease.com 1 December 1998 Web. 10 February 2019.13. The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. June 6th, p. 132.14. Gunning Bedford, Jr. June 30
The lesser states do not, gentlemen, trust you. If you possess the power, the abuse of it could not be checked; and what then would prevent you from exercising it to our destruction? You gravely allege that there is no danger of combination, and triumphantly ask, how could combinations be effected? “The larger states,” you say, “all differ in productions and commerce; and experience shows “that instead of combinations, they would be rivals, and counteract the views of one another.” This, I repeat, is language calculated only to amuse us.
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 500.15. Ben Franklin – June 30
The diversity of opinions turns on two points. If a proportional representation takes place, the small States contend that their liberties will be in danger. If an equality of votes is to be put in its place, the large States say their money will be in danger. When a broad table is to be made, and the edges (of planks do not fit) the artist takes a little from both, and makes a good joint. In like manner here both sides must part with some of their demands, in order that they may join in some accommodating proposition. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 488.16. Abraham Baldwin – July 2nd
“So many things had been so well settled” – might refer to the profoundly important vote Baldwin cast that day – an abstention – resulting in a deadlocked 5-5 vote and thus stopping a measure that favored the larger states goals for their representation to such a great extent that the departure from the convention of the smaller states suddenly became a real possibility. Baldwin’s vote cooled the debate and a committee was formed to continue studying the impasse and find compromises, which they eventually did. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 510. (The vote tally by state).17. Elbridge Gerry – July 5
We ought not therefore to pursue the one or the other of these ideas too closely. If no compromise should take place what will be the consequence. A secession he foresaw would take place; for some gentlemen seem decided on it; two different plans will be proposed, and the result no man could foresee. If we do not come to some agreement among ourselves some foreign sword will probably do the work for us. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911.
babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 532.18. George Washington – July 10
From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 10 July 1787
To Alexander Hamilton
Philadelphia 10th July [17]87.
Dear Sir,
I thank you for your Communication of the 3d. When I refer you to the State of the Councils which prevailed at the period you left this City—and add, that they are now, if possible, in a worse train than ever; you will find but little ground on which the hope of a good establishment, can be formed. In a word, I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of the Convention, and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business. The Men who oppose a strong & energetic government are, in my opinion, narrow minded politicians, or are under the influence of local views. The apprehension expressed by them that the people will not accede to the form proposed is the ostensible, not the real cause of the opposition—but admitting that the present sentiment is as they prognosticate, the question ought nevertheless to be, is it or is it not the best form? If the former, recommend it, and it will assuredly obtain meager opposition. I am sorry you went away—I wish you were back. The crisis is equally important and alarming, and no opposition under such circumstances should discourage exertions till the signature is fixed. I will not, at this time trouble you with more than my best wishes and sincere regards. I am Dear Sir Yr. obedt. Servt.
Go: Washington – founders.archives.gov 17 June 2013 Web. 10 February 2019. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 5, 1 February 1787 – 31 December 1787, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997, p. 257.]19. Rufus King – July 11th
When the general convention that formed the constitution took this subject into their consideration, the whole question was once more examined, and while it was agreed that all contributions to the common treasury should be made according to the ability of the several states, to furnish the same, the old difficulty recurred in agreeing upon a rule whereby such ability should be ascertained, there being no simple standard by which the ability of individuals to pay taxes, can be ascertained. A diversity in the selection of taxes has been deemed requisite to their equalization: between communities, this difficulty is less considerable, and although the rule of relative numbers would not accurately measure the relative wealth of nations, in states, in the circumstances of the United States, whose institutions, laws and employments are so much alike, the rule of number is probably as nearly equal as any other simple and practical rule can be expected to be, (though between the old and new states its equity is defective,) these considerations, added to the approbation which had already been given to the rule, by a majority of the states, induced the convention to agree, that direct taxes should be apportioned among the states, according to the whole number of free persons, and three-fifths of the slaves which they might respectively contain. . . .The present House of Representatives consists of 181 members, which are apportioned among the states in a ratio of one representative for every thirty-five thousand federal numbers, which are ascertained by adding to the whole number of free persons, three-fifths of the slaves. . . . Thus while 35,000 free persons are requisite to elect one representative in a state where slavery is prohibited, 25,559 free persons in Virginia may and do elect a representative — so that five free persons in Virginia have as much power in the choice of representatives to Congress, and in the appointment of presidential electors, as seven free persons in any of the states in which slavery does not exist.This inequality in the appointment of representatives was not misunderstood at the adoption of the constitution; but as no one anticipated the fact that the whole of the revenue of the United States would be derived from indirect taxes (which cannot be supposed to spread themselves over the several states according to the rule for the apportionment of direct taxes), but it was believed that a part of the contribution to the common treasury would be apportioned among the states by the rule for the apportionment of representatives — the states in which slavery is prohibited, ultimately, though with reluctance, acquiesced in the disproportionate number of representatives and electors that was secured to the slave-holding states.THE CONCESSION WAS, AT THE TIME, BELIEVED TO BE A GREAT ONE, AND HAS PROVED TO HAVE BEEN THE GREATEST WHICH WAS MADE TO SECURE THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION.Great, however, as this concession was, it was definite, and its full extent was comprehended. It was a settlement between the original thirteen states. The considerations arising out of their actual condition, their past connection, and the obligation which all felt to promote a reformation in the federal government, were peculiar to the time and to the parties; and are not applicable to the new states which congress may now be willing to admit into the Union.
The equality of rights, which includes an equality of burdens, is a vital principle in our theory of government, and its jealous preservation is the best security of public and individual freedom; the departure from this principle in the disproportionate power and influence allowed to the slave-holding states, was a necessary sacrifice to the establishment of the constitution.THE EFFECT OF THIS CONCESSION HAS BEEN OBVIOUS IN THE PREPONDERANCE WHICH IT HAS GIVEN TO THE SLAVE-HOLDING STATES, OVER THE OTHER STATES.Nevertheless, it is an ancient settlement, and faith and honor stand pledged not to disturb it. But the extension of this disproportionate power to the new states would be unjust and odious. The states whose power would be abridged, and whose burdens would be increased by the measure, cannot be expected to consent to it; and we may hope that the other states are too magnanimous to insist on it.
consource.org 27 October 2005 Web. 10 February 2019.The next clause as to the negroes considered Mr. King. being much opposed to fixing numbers as the rule of representation, was particularly so on account of the blacks. He thought the admission of them along with Whites at all, would excite great discontents among the States having no slaves. He had never said as to any particular point that he would in no event acquiesce in & support it; but he wd. say that if in any case such a declaration was to be made by him, it would be in this. He remarked that in the (temporary) allotment of Representatives made by the Committee, the Southern States had received more than the number of their white & three fifths of their black inhabitants entitled them to.
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911.
babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 58620. John Langdon – July 23rd
The New Hampshire delegate arrives.
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911.
babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 85.
p. 86. Votes with the bigger states.
babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019.21. Gouverneur Morris – August 8th
Upon what principle is it that the slaves shall be computed in the representation? Are they men? Then make them Citizens & let them vote? Are they property? Why then is no other property included? The Houses in this City (Philadelphia) are worth more than all the wretched slaves which cover the rice swamps of South Carolina. The admission of slaves into the Representation when fairly explained comes to this: that the inhabitant of Georgia and S. C. who goes to the Coast of Africa, and in defiance of the most sacred laws of humanity tears away his fellow creatures from their dearest connections & dam(n)s them to the most cruel bondages, shall have more votes in a Govt. instituted for protection of the rights of mankind, than the Citizen of Pa or N. Jersey who views with a laudable horror, so nefarious a practice.
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 222.22. John Rutledge – August 21st.
Mr. Luther Martin, proposed to vary the sect: 4. art VII so as to allow a prohibition or tax on the importation of slaves. 1. As five slaves are to be counted as 3 free men in the apportionment of Representatives; such a clause would leave an encouragement to this traffic. 2. slaves weakened one part of the Union which the other parts were bound to protect: the privilege of importing them was therefore unreasonable — 3. it was inconsistent with the principles of the revolution and dishonorable to the American character to have such a feature in the Constitution. Mr. Rutledge did not see how the importation of slaves could be encouraged by this section. He was not apprehensive of insurrections and would readily exempt the other States from (the obligation to protect the Southern against them.). — Religion & humanity had nothing to do with this question — Interest alone is the governing principle with Nations — The true question at present is whether the Southern States shall or shall not be parties to the Union. If the Northern States consult their interest, they will not oppose the increase of Slaves which will increase the commodities of which they will become the carriers.
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911.
babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 364.23. Roger Sherman – August 22nd
Mr. Sherman was for leaving the clause as it stands. He disapproved of the slave trade: yet as the States were now possessed of the right to import slaves, as the public good did not require it to be taken from them, & as it was expedient to have as few objections as possible to the proposed scheme of Government, he thought it best to leave the matter as we find it. He observed that the abolition of slavery seemed to be going on in the U.S. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 369.24. George Mason – August 22nd
Col. Mason. This infernal traffic originated in the avarice of British Merchants. The British Govt. constantly checked the attempts of Virginia to put a stop to it. The present question concerns not the importing States alone but the whole Union. The evil of having slaves was experienced during the late war. Had slaves been treated as they might have been by the Enemy, they would have proved dangerous instruments in their hands. But their folly dealt by the slaves, as it did by the Tories. He mentioned the dangerous insurrections of the slaves in Greece and Sicily; and the instructions given by Cromwell to the Commissioners sent to Virginia, to arm the servants & slaves, in case other means of obtaining its submission should fail. Maryland & Virginia he said had already prohibited the importation of slaves expressly. N. Carolina had done the same in substance. All this would be in vain if S. Carolina & Georgia be at liberty to import. The Western people are already calling out for slaves for their new lands; and will fill that Country with slaves if they can be got through S. Carolina & Georgia. Slavery discourages arts & manufactures. The poor despise labor when performed by slaves. They prevent the immigration of Whites, who really enrich & strengthen a Country. They produce the most pernicious effect on manners. Every master of slaves is born a petty tyrant. They bring the judgment of heaven on a Country. As nations cannot be rewarded or punished in the next world, they must be in this. By an inevitable chain of causes & effects providence punishes national sins, by national calamities. He lamented that some of our Eastern brethren had from a lust of gain embarked in this nefarious traffic. As to the States being in possession of the Right to import, this was the case with many other rights, now to be properly given up. He held it essential in every point of view, that the Genl. Govt. should have power to prevent the increase of slavery.
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 370.25. Oliver Ellsworth – August 22nd
Let us not intermeddle. As population increases; poor laborers will be so plenty as to render slaves useless. Slavery in time will not be a speck in our Country. Provision is already made in Connecticut for abolishing it. And the abolition has already taken place in Massachusetts. As to the danger of insurrections from foreign influence, that will become a motive to kind treatment of the slaves. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911.
babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 371.26. Charles Pinckney – August 22nd
If slavery be wrong, it is justified by the example of all the world. He cited the case of Greece Rome & other antient States; the sanction given by France England, Holland & other modern States. In all ages one half of mankind have been slaves. If the S. States were let alone they will probably of themselves stop importations. He wd. himself as a Citizen of S. Carolina vote for it. An attempt to take away the right as proposed will produce serious objections to the Constitution which he wished to see adopted.
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 371.27. David Brearly – August 21st
I was in hopes after the Committee had reported, that we should have been able to have published by the first of September, at present I have no prospect of our getting through before the latter end of that month. Every article is again argued over, with as much earnestness and obstinacy as before it was committed. We have lately made a rule to meet at ten and sit ’til four, which is punctually complied with. Cannot you come down and assist us, — we have many reasons for desiring this; our duty, in the manner we now sit, is quite too hard for three, but a much stronger reason is, that we actually stand in need of your abilities. – David Brearley to William Paterson (August 21, 1787) Philadelphia 21 Aug. 1787.
consource.org 27 October 2005 Web. 10 February 2019.28. William Samuel Johnson – August 27th
Under our old Confederation, each state was bound by the most solemn obligations to pay its proportion of the national expense. If any state did not perform what it had so solemnly promised, it be-came a transgressor. It did an injury to the other states to which it had plighted its faith for the performance of what it had stipulated in the Articles of Confederation. The other states have a right to redress; they have a right by the law of nature and nations to insist upon and compel a performance. How shall this be done? There is no other way but by force of arms. What is the consequence? This way of enforcing federal decrees leads directly to civil war and national ruin. This was the case with the ancient leagues. The states in confederacy were bound by compact to bear certain proportions of the public burdens. Some of the states were delinquent; they failed in performing their stipulations. This injurious conduct provoked the others; they had recourse to arms for redress. While they were thus involved in civil war, neighboring powers took advantage of it and availed themselves of the forces of a part to subdue the rest. Such is the nature of this kind confederacies, that the general decrees must either remain without efficacy or be put in execution by a military force.The Convention saw this imperfection in attempting to legislate for states in their political capacity; that the coercion of law can be exercised by nothing but a military force. They have therefore gone upon entirely new ground. They have formed one new nation out of the individual states. The Constitution vests in the general legislature a power to make laws in matters of national concern, to appoint judges to decide upon these laws, and to appoint officers to carry them into execution. This excludes the idea of an armed force.THE POWER WHICH IS TO ENFORCE THESE LAWS IS TO BE A LEGAL POWER VESTED IN PROPER MAGISTRATES, THE FORCE WHICH IS TO BE EMPLOYED IS THE ENERGY OF LAW AND THIS FORCE IS TO OPERATE ONLY UPON INDIVIDUALS WHO FAIL IN THEIR DUTY TO THEIR COUNTRY.This is the peculiar glory of the Constitution, that it depends upon the mild and equal energy of the magistracy for the execution of the laws.William Samuel Johnson’s Speech at the Connecticut Ratification Convention (January 4, 1788) consource.org 27 October 2005 Web. 10 February 2019.29. Hugh Williamson – August 28th
North Carolina Delegates to Governor Caswell (September 18, 1787)
Philadelphia, September 18th, 1787.
In the course of four Months severe and painful application and anxiety, the Convention have prepared a plan of Government for the United States of America which we hope will obviate the defects of the present Federal Union and procure the enlarged purposes which it was intended to effect. Enclosed we have the honor to send you a Copy, and when you are pleased to lay this plan before the General Assembly, we entreat that you will do us the justice to assure that honorable Body that no exertions have been wanting on our part to guard and promote the particular interest of North Carolina. You will observe that the representation in the second Branch of the National Legislature is to be according to numbers, that is to say, According to the whole number of white Inhabitants added to three-fifths of the blacks; you will also observe that during the first three years North Carolina is to have five Members in the House of Representatives, which is just one-thirteenth part of the whole number in that house and our Annual Quota of the National debt has not hitherto been fixed quite so high. Doubtless we have reasons to believe that the Citizens of North Carolina are more than a thirteenth part of the whole number in the Union, but the State has never enabled its Delegates in Congress to prove this Opinion and hitherto they had not been Zealous to magnify the number of their Constituents because their Quota of the National Debt must have been Augmented accordingly. We had many things to hope from a National Government and the chief thing we had to fear from such a Government was the Risk of unequal or heavy Taxation, but we hope you will believe as we do that THE SOUTHERN STATES IN GENERAL AND NORTH CAROLINA IN PARTICULAR ARE WELL SECURED on that head by the proposed system. It is provided in the 9th Section of Article the first that no Capitation or other direct Tax shall be laid except in proportion to the number of Inhabitants, in which number five blacks are only Counted as three. If a land tax is laid we are to pay the same rate, for Example: fifty Citizens of North Carolina can be taxed no more for all their Lands than fifty Citizens in one of the Eastern States. This must be greatly in our favour for as most of their Farms are small & many of them live in Towns we certainly have, one with another, land of twice the value that they Possess. When it is also considered that five Negroes are only to be charged the Same Poll Tax as three whites the advantage must be considerably increased under the proposed Form of Government. The Southern States have also a much better Security for the Return of Slaves who might endeavour to Escape than they had under the original Confederation. It is expected a considerable Share of the National Taxes will be collected by Impost, Duties and Excises, but you will find it provided in the 8th Section of Article the first that all duties, Impost and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. While we were taking so much care to guard ourselves against being over reached and to form rules of Taxation that might operate in our favour, it is not to be supposed that our Northern Brethren were Inattentive to their particular Interest. A navigation Act or the power to regulate Commerce in the Hands of the National Government by which American Ships and Seamen may be fully employed is the desirable weight that is thrown into the Northern Scale. This is what the Southern States have given in Exchange for the advantages we Mentioned above; but we beg leave to observe in the course of this Interchange North Carolina does not appear to us to have given up anything for we are doubtless the most independent of the Southern States; we are able to carry our own produce and if the Spirit of Navigation and Ship building is cherished in our State we shall soon be able to carry for our Neighbors. We have taken the liberty to mention the General pecuniary Considerations which are involved in this plan of Government, there are other Considerations of great Magnitude involved in the system, but we cannot exercise your patience with a further detail, but submit it with the utmost deference, and have the Honor to be, Your Excellency’s Most Obedient Humble Servts, Wm. Blount, Rich’d D. Spaight, Hugh Williamson. consource.org 27 October 2005 Web. 10 February 2019.30. Edmund Randolph – August 28th
And Randolph’s views, though not expressed until later, in the Virginia State Convention, were that this provision was an essential one, “because it must be promotive of virtue and justice and preventive of injustice and fraud. If we take a review of the calamities which have befallen our reputation as a people, we shall find they have been produced by frequent interferences of the State Legislatures with private contracts. If you inspect the great cornerstone of republicanism, you will find it to be justice and honor.”-
Warren, Charles. (1837). “The Making of the Constitution.” Boston, Ma: Little Brown & Company. Internet Archives archive.org 26 January 1997 Web.10 February 2019. p. 555NOTE: Appendix A on why the Constitution would have not been realized if the meetings were made public.
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 3/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. pp. 478-479.31. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney – August 29th
General Pinckney said it was the true interest of the Southern States to have no regulation of commerce; but considering the loss brought on the commerce of the Eastern States by the Revolution, their liberal conduct towards the views* of South Carolina, and the interest the weak Southern States had in being united with the strong Eastern States, he thought it proper that no fetters should be imposed on the power of making commercial regulations, and that his constituents, though prejudiced against the Eastern States, would be reconciled to this liberality. He had, himself, he said, prejudices against the Eastern States before he came here, but would acknowledge that he had found them as liberal and candid as any men whatever.
Madison, James Jr. (1840). “The Papers of James Madison Being his correspondence and reports of debates during the congress of the confederation and his reports of debates of the federal convention. Volume 3, Washington, D.C.: Langtree & O’Sullivan. books.google.com 24 November 2005 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 145132. Nathaniel Gorham – August 29th
If the Government is to be so fettered as to be unable to relieve the Eastern States what motive can they have to join in it, and thereby tie their own hands from measures which they could otherwise take for themselves. The Eastern States were not led to strengthen the Union by fear for their own safety. He deprecated the consequences of disunion, but if it should take place it was the Southern part of the Continent that had the most reason to dread them. He urged the improbability of a combination against the interest of the Southern States, the different situations of the Northern & Middle States being a security against it. It was moreover certain that foreign ships would never be altogether excluded especially those of Nations in treaty with us.
The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 453.33. Pierce Butler – August 29th
Mr. Butler moved to insert after art: XV. “If any person bound to service or labor in any of the U— States shall escape into another State, he or she shall not be discharged from such service or labor, in consequence of any regulations subsisting in the State to which they escape, but shall be delivered up to the person justly claiming their service or labor,” which was agreed to.Art: XVII being taken up, Mr. Govr. Morris moved to strike out the two last sentences, to wit “If the admission be consented to, the new States shall be admitted on the same
terms with the original States— But the Legislature may make conditions with the new States, concerning the public debt, which shall be then subsisting”. — He did not wish to bind down the Legislature to admit Western States on the terms here stated.Mr. Madison opposed the motion, insisting that the Western States neither would nor ought to submit to a Union which degraded them from an equal rank with the other States.
Col. Mason— If it were possible by just means to prevent emigrations to the Western Country, it might be good policy. But go the people will as they find it for their interest,
and the best policy is to treat them with that equality which will make them friends not enemies. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand.
Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. pp. 453-454.34. Vile, John R. (2005). “The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America’s Founding, Volume 1.” Santa Barbara, Ca.; Oxford, England: ABC-CLIO.35. On September 7, George Mason proposed a Privy Council of six members, two from each of the nation’s geographical sections, which the Senate would choose (Farrand, Vol. 2, p. 537). As the convention was considering (the) current provision for allowing the president to request the opinion of heads of departments in writing, Mason said that “in rejecting a Council to the president, the Convention was “about to try an experiment on which the most despotic Governments had never ventured – the Grand Signor himself has his Divan.” (Farrand – Vol. 2, p. 541) The idea was rejected by a vote of 8 (states) to 3. (Farrand, Vol. 2, p. 542). p. 196. books.google.com 24 November 2005 Web. 10 February 2019. p.196.36. Col. Mason said that in rejecting a Council to the President we were about to try an experiment on which the most despotic Governments had never ventured — The Grand Signor himself had his Divan. – The records of the federal convention of 1787 – Vol. 2/ edited by Max Farrand. Published: New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911.
babel.hathitrust.org 6 December 2009 Web. 10 February 2019. p. 541.37. To Alexander Hamilton
(Private & confidential)
My dear Sir,
Mount Vernon July 29th 1792.
I have not yet received the new regulation of allowances to the Surveyors, or Collectors of the duties on Spirituous liquors;1 but this by the bye. My present purpose is to write you a letter on a more interesting and important subject. I shall do it in strict confidence, & with frankness & freedom. On my way home, and since my arrival here, I have endeavoured to learn from sensible & moderate men—known friends to the Government—the sentiments which are entertained of public measures. These all agree that the Country is prosperous & happy; but they seem to be alarmed at that system of policy, and those interpretations of the Constitution which have taken place in2 Congress.Others, less friendly perhaps to the Government, and more disposed to arraign the conduct of its Officers AMONG WHOM MAY BE CLASSED MY NEIGHBOR AND QUANDOM (SHOULD BE SPELLED “QUONDAM”-ed.) COL. M, go further, & enumerate a variety of matters—wch as well as I can recollect, may be adduced under the following heads.5 Viz. First—That the public debt is greater than we can possibly pay before other causes of adding new debt to it will occur; and that this has been artificially created by adding together the whole amount of the debtor & creditor sides of the accounts, instead of taking only their balances; which could have been paid off in a short time.“From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 29 July 1792,” Founders Online, National Archives, version of January 18, 2019, founders.archives.gov 17 June 2013 Web. 10 February 2019. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 10, 1 March 1792 – 15 August 1792, ed. Robert F. Haggard and Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002, pp. 588–592.] founders.archives.gov 17 June 2013 Web. 10 February 2019.Continue to: A People’s History of Jefferson County, WV Part 2 – The Rocky Road to Nationhood – The Virginia Ratifying Convention

A People’s History of Jefferson County, WV Part 2 – The Rocky Road to Nationhood – The Virginia Ratifying Convention

By Jim Surkamp on June 9, 2019 Adam Stephen, Constitutional Convention, George Washington, Jefferson County, Patrick Henry, Virginia Ratifying Convention

Made possible with the generous, community-minded support of American Public University System (apus.edu). Views and sentiments, even if commendable, in this or any presentations of civilwarscholars.com are intended to encourage fact-based discussion and understanding and do not in any way reflect the modern-day 21st century policies of the University.

1.

1a.
(Jim Surkamp and image of Shannondale springs from old route 9, 1993 – both by Jim Surkamp).

THE VIRGINIA RATIFYING CONVENTION BEGINS

2.
(Town Run Community Pub, Shepherdstown, WV – Aug. 5, 2018 – Jim Surkamp)
3.
(The United States of North America, with the British & Spanish territories according to the treaty Contributor Name: Faden, William, 1749-1836. Created/Published: [London? : s.n.], 1783.

4.
(Montage Convention site Richmond, Virginia – 1864 Map of the city of Richmond, Virginia Contributor Name: United States Coast Survey. Created / Published: [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Coast Survey, 1864. – loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019). – loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).- (Map Richmond, Va. – 1864 loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

5.
(Edmund Pendleton (Caroline county) President of the Convention Author: Henry Bryan Hall – digitalgallery.nypl.org 3 January 1997 Web. 19 January 2019).

6. – (Patrick Henry (Prince Edward County) Artist: George Bagby Matthews (1857 – 1943), after Thomas Sully (1783-1872) Date: circa 1891 – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

7.
(James Madison, Jr. (Orange County) DATE: 2002 ARTIST: Bradley Stevens (after Charles Willson Peale) CREDIT LINE: Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives – history.house.gov 1 January 2013 Web. 19 January 2019).

8.
(Edmund Randolph, by Flavius Fisher, Courtesy Library of Virginia – edu.lva.virginia.gov 1 August 2015 Web. 19 January 2019).

9.
(George Mason (Stafford County) Artist: John Hesselius (1728–1778)
Description: Portrait of George Mason (1725-1792) Date: 1750 – rationalwiki.org 1 May 2019 Web. 19 January 2019)
.

10.
(John Marshall – Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin (1770–1852) loc.gov 16 June 1997 Web. 19 January 2019 & commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

11.
(William Darke Berkeley County, incl. today’s Jefferson County Artist: Frederick Kemmelmeyer (1760–1821) Title: General William Darke (1736-1801) at the Battle of the Miami Indians Date: between circa 1791 and circa 1801 Collection: Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

It’s now June, 1788. Of Virginia’s 168 delegates who met at their convention in Richmond, sixteen of them were from the part that is today’s West Virginia. Our guy – Adam Stephen who owned land in both today’s Berkeley & Jefferson County, who, for many years was Washington’s executive officer and later a general in the Revolution – was their spokesman and leader.

12.
(Bill Caldwell as Adam Stephen – by Jim Surkamp).

Writes Historian Roy Bird Cook: “In this small space, Stephen’s life can scarcely be touched upon. In the story of this constitutional convention, he stands forth as the leader of the western delegates.”

13.
(Roy Bird Cook, Roy Bird Cook in his office, 1962. Courtesy West Virginia & Regional History Collection – wvencyclopedia.org 17 September 2019 Web. 19 January 2019).

14 & 15.
(James Madison, Jr. (Orange County) DATE: 2002
ARTIST: Bradley Stevens (after Charles Willson Peale) CREDIT LINE: Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives – history.house.gov).

(Signing of the Constitution by Thomas P. Rossiter Date: between 1860 and 1870 – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

On one side of the contest was the soft-spoken, walking encyclopedia – James Madison, who was hard to hear – facing the two Bombasts – George Mason and Patrick Henry.

16.
Patrick Henry:
(Patrick Henry speaking before the House of Burgesses Artist: Peter F. Rothermel (1817–1895) Date: 1851 – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

17 & 18.
(Benjamin Harrison V Date: 1 January 1968 Author: Unknown Source: Virginia Historical Society – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019). (Bushrod Washington Reversed image of painting of Supreme Court Justice Bushrod Washington (1762–1829) in the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C. Date 1828 Author Chester Harding, 1 Sep 1792 – 10 Apr 1866 – npg.si.edu 24 December 1996 Web. 19 January 2019).- commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

19.
(Patrick Henry (Prince Edward County) Artist: George Bagby Matthews (1857 – 1943), after Thomas Sully (1783-1872) Date: circa 1891 – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

The federal convention ought to have amended the old system; for this purpose they were solely delegated; the object of their mission extended to no other consideration. The distinction between a national government and a confederacy is not sufficiently discerned. Had the delegates who were sent to Philadelphia a power to propose a consolidated government, instead of a confederacy? Here is a resolution as radical as that which separated us from Great Britain. It is radical in this transition; our rights and privileges are endangered, and the sovereignty of the State will be relinquished: and cannot we plainly see that this is actually the case? The rights of conscience, trial by jury, liberty of the press, all your immunities and franchises, all pretensions to human rights and privileges, are rendered insecure, if not lost, by this change, so loudly talked of by some, so inconsiderately by others. A number of characters, of the greatest eminence in this country, object to this government for its consolidating tendency.”

20 & 21.
– – (James Monroe Artist: Samuel Morse Collection: White House – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019). – (Henry Lee, date: circa 1838 Source: Transferred from de.wikipedia to Commons. Author: William Edward West (1788-1857) – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

This is not imaginary. It is a formidable reality. If consolidation proves to be as mischievous to this country as it has been to other countries, what will the poor inhabitants of this country do? This government will operate like an ambuscade. It will destroy the state governments, and swallow the liberties of the people, without giving previous notice. If gentlemen are willing to run the hazard, let them run it; but I shall exculpate myself by my opposition and monitory warnings within these walls.”

At one point, Henry goaded the ever-silent western men from over the mountains and Stephen was silent no more:

22 & 23.
(Bill Caldwell as Adam Stephen – Jim Surkamp). – (Watercolor drawing “Village of the Secotan in North Carolina” – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web 10 December 2018).

“Henry means to frighten us by his bugbears of hobgoblins, his sale of lands to pay taxes, Indian purchases, and other horrors, that I think I know as much about as he does. He continued for a while: If the gentleman does not like this government, let him go and live among the Indians. 1 know of several nations that live very happily; and I can furnish him with a vocabulary of their language”.

24.
(Warrior of the Secotan Indians in North Carolina by John White (created 1585-1586). Licensed by the Trustees of the British Museum. ©Copyright the British Museum – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 10 December 2018).

25.
(Declaration of Independence (1818) by John Trumbull – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019). – ((detail) Howard Pyle’s “Take Care, Take Care” illustrating a story by Basil King called Sign from Heaven.” Harper’s Magazine December, 1907 – hathitrust.org 19 September 2008 Web. 19 January 2019(after) p. 184).

26.
(Patrick Henry speaking – alphahistory.com Date of origin not available). – (Howard Pyle “The Reading Room” Harper’s Magazine, May, 1890 – Harper’s catalogue hathitrust.org 19 September 2008 Web. 19 January 2019). (“In The Reading Room” illustrating “Old New York Taverns” by John Austin Stevens – May, 1890 – hathitrust.org 19 September 2008 Web. 19 January 2019. p. 849).

For three weeks, the debates raged – Patrick Henry hogging vast hours and sessions with rhetoric that was generally free of earthbound factuality – but accurately nailing the Constitution for its complete transference to the federal court the final review of all cases “under the Constitution.”

27.
(U.S. Constitution Article 3 Section 1 – archives.gov 31 March 2002 Web. 10 January 2019).

28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34.
28. – (Declaration of Independence (1818) by John Trumbull – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019). – (Humphrey Marshall – The Life and Times of Hon. Humphrey Marshall by Anderson Chenault Quisenberry – books.google.com 24 November 2005 Web. 19 January 2019 & commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

29.– (William Overton Callis Miniature portrait painted by Lawrence Sully, Richmond, VA in the 1790’s – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).

30.(William Grayson – edu.lva.virginia.gov 1 August 2015 Web. 19 January 2019).

31. – (Portrait of George Wythe by David Silvette (1979). At the William & Mary School of Law – lawlibrary.wm.edu 15 April 2013 Web. 19 January 2019).

32. – (Description: A portrait of Kentucky legislator Green Clay, who also served in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. The original oil painting hangs in Cassius M. Clay’s White Hall estate, now part of White Hall State Historic Site. According to the curator at White Hall State Historic Site, the portrait was donated to the site by a Clay family descendant between 1968 and 1971. Date Unknown date; the portrait is undated, but it is believed to have been created in the early 19th century – whitehallclermontfoundation.org 9 May 2008 Web. 10 February 2019 & commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

33.(Governor Wilson Cary Nicholas of Virginia Date: 1805 Source: Cleveland Museum of Art Author: Gilbert Stuart, 1805 – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

34.(George Clendenin Courtesy Of The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America – wvencyclopedia.org 17 September 2019 Web. 19 January 2019).

35.
(Patrick Henry – Prince Edward County – Artist: George Bagby Matthews (1857 – 1943), after Thomas Sully (1783-1872) Date: circa 1891 commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

And the tough question remained: do we ratify first with the express intention of creating the bill of rights next or not ratify the Constitution until the bill of rights is all finished? The second alternative was a trap because each state could have its own ideas of the bill of rights. For Patrick Henry just about every comma in the Constitution was a conspiratorial dagger:

At the Revolution, it must be admitted that it was their sense to set down those great rights which ought, in all countries, to he held inviolable and sacred. Virginia did so, we all remember. She made a compact to reserve, expressly, certain rights. She most cautiously and guardedly reserved and secured those invaluable, inestimable rights and privileges which no people, inspired with the least glow of patriotic liberty, ever did, or ever can, abandon. She is called upon now to abandon them, and dissolve that compact which secured them to her. Will she do it? This is the question. If you intend to reserve your unalienable rights, you must have the most express stipulation; for, if implication be allowed, you are ousted of those rights. If the people do not think it necessary to reserve them, they will be supposed to be given up. If you give up these powers, without a bill of rights, you will exhibit the most absurd thing to mankind that ever the world saw, — a government that has abandoned all its powers, — the powers of direct taxation, the sword, and the purse. You have disposed of them to Congress, without a bill of rights, without check, limitation, or control. And still you have checks and guards; still you keep barriers — pointed where? Pointed against your weakened, prostrated, enervated, state government! You have a bill of rights to defend you against the state government — which is bereaved of all power, and yet you have none against Congress — though in full and exclusive possession of all power. You arm yourselves against the weak and defenseless, and expose yourselves naked to the armed and powerful. Is not this a conduct of unexampled absurdity?

36.
(Jim Surkamp Aug. 5th 2018 – by Jim Surkamp).

It’s coming down to the wire and a final vote, Patrick Henry is volcanically railing for hours and even days against ratification. Up jumps Stephen:

37.
(Bill Caldwell as Adam Stephen – by Jim Surkamp).

1. Let the popularly-elected Congress – with all states represented – develop the bill of rights after the constitution is ratified.

2. The federal system preserves states’ rights while providing strong central government.

38.
(Bill Caldwell as Adam Stephen – by Jim Surkamp).

I was sent hither to adopt the constitution as it is, but such is my regard for my fellow citizens, that I would concur in amendment. The gentlemen on the other side have adduced to reasons or proofs to convince us that the amendments would become a part of the system before ratification. What reason have we to suspect that persons who are chosen from among ourselves will not agree to the introduction of such amendments as will be desired by the people at large? In all safe and free governments, there ought to be a judicious mixture of three kinds. But the democratic kind preponderates as it ought to do. The members of one branch are immediately chosen by the people and the people also elect in a secondary degree the members of the other two. At present we have no confederate government. It exists but in name.”

39.
(Endymion on Mount Latmus by John Atkinsons Grimshaw 1879 – wikiart.org 30 May 2008 Web. 19 January 2019).

The honorable gentlemen asked where is the genius of America? What else but that genius has stimulated the people to reform that government, which woeful experience has proven to be totally inefficient. What has produced the unison of sentiments in the states on this subject? I expected that filial duty and affection would have impelled him to inquire for the genius of Virginia, -that genius which formerly resisted British tyranny and in the language of manly intrepidity and fortitude said to that nation-thus far and no farther shall you proceed. What has become of that genius which spoke that magnanimous language-that genius that produced the Federal Convention?

40.
(Portia Wounding her Thigh Artist: Elisabetta Sirani (1638–1665) – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).

Yonder she is in mournful attire, her hair disheveled – distressed in grief and sorrow – supplicating our assistance against gorgons, fiends, and hydras, which are ready to devour her and carry dissolution through out her country. She bewails the decay of trade and neglect of agriculture-her farmers discouraged-her ship-carpenters, blacksmiths, and all other tradesmen unemployed. She casts her eyes on these and deplores her inability to relieve them. She sees her eyes on these and the profits of her commerce goes to foreign states.”

41.(Farmer – hampton.lib.nh.us 1 February 1998 Web. 19 January 2019). 42. (Ship builders – hampton.lib.nh.us 1 February 1998 Web. 19 January 2019).
43.
The waterfront in Old New York by Howard Pyle – Along the Water Front in Old New York, illustration from ‘The Evolution of New York’ by Thomas A. Janvier, pub. in Harper’s Magazine, May, 1893 (litho) – hathitrust.org 19 September 2008 Web. 19 January 2019. p. 820).

She further bewails that all she can raise by taxation is inadequate to her necessities-She sees religion die by her side, public faith, prostituted and private confidence lost between man and man. Are the hearts of her citizens so deaf to compassion that they will not go to her relief? If they are so infatuated that dire consequences may be easily foreseen.-Expostulations must be made for the defection of Virginia when Congress meets.”

44.
(Northwest-territory 1787 – commons.wikimedia.org 5 June 2004 Web. 19 January 2019).
45. – (The Federal Pillars – raising Virginia’s pillar, May 23, 1788: South Carolina ratifies 149-73 (South Carolina) – teachingamericanhistory.org 6 January 2002 Web. 19 January 2019).

They will inquire where she has lately discovered so much wisdom-she that gave us an immense tract (Northwest Country) to relieve the general distresses?-Wherein constitutes the superiority to her friends of South Carolina and the respectable state of Massachusetts, who to prevent a dissolution of the Confederacy, adopted the Constitution and proposed such amendments as they thought necessary, placing confidence in the other states, that they would accede them?

46 & 47.
(Bill Caldwell as Adam Stephen videotaped by Jim Surkamp); – (Declaration of Independence (1818) by John Trumbull – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 19 January 2019).

WE ARE ABOUT TO DETERMINE WHETHER WE SHOULD BE ONE OF THE UNITED STATES OR NOT!

48.
(candle in lamp by Jim Surkamp).

39:06

49.
(Montage – Document of the Virginia Ratifying – edu.lva.virginia.gov 1 August 2015 Web. 19 January 2019).

On June 25, a Wednesday, the final vote: 89 YES ratify 79 NO don’t ratify.

39:38

50.
– – (Montage – Document of the Virginia Ratifying – edu.lva.virginia.gov 1 August 2015 Web. 19 January 2019).
Of the sixteen delegates of what is today West Virginia – all but ONE voted for ratification, providing the margin needed for it to pass and guarantee a new nation. John Evans was on the wrong side of history.

39:50
51.
(All states (pillars) approved the Constitution, courtesy of the Center for the Study of the American Constitution and John Kaminski. Professor Kaminski contracted with Paul Haas in 1990 to draw this final pillar rendition as part of the Rhode Island bicentennial celebrations. Professor Kaminski owns the original artwork and has graciously given permission to use it for our Pillar story. – teachingamericanhistory.org 6 January 2002 Web. 19 January 2019).

52.
(Jim Surkamp August 5th, 2018 – by Jim Surkamp).

Of the 16 votes from today’s West Virginia who Stephen spoke repeatedly and passionately for – fifteen were “AYE,” one was “NAY.” Virginia became part of the United States. And the nation was truly born, crucially because of Adam Stephen and fifteen of our West Virginia brethren. Pretty nice. You all pumped up. I love it.

53.
(Adam Stephen’s grave site – findagrave.com 5 December 1998 Web. 19 January 2019).

A marker marks where Adam Stephen is buried today in his town, where he died in July 16, 1791.

(What has become of that genius which spoke that magnanimous language-that genius that produced the Federal Convention? . . She sees religion die by her side, public faith, prostituted and private confidence lost between man and man. Are the hearts of her citizens so deaf to compassion that they will not go to her relief? Singing “And we’ll all go together to pluck wild mountain thyme” WE ARE ABOUT TO DETERMINE WHETHER WE SHOULD BE ONE OF THE UNITED STATES OR NOT! (singing) all around the bloomin’ heather. Will ye go Lassie go?”)

54.
(Bill Caldwell matte as Adam Stephen – by Jim Surkamp).

R. D. Shepherd’s Fabled Building – McMurran Hall, Shepherdstown, WV by Jim Surkamp

7907 words

TRT: 16:38 Video link (1) (1784-1872): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGFRxWO0B4Q&feature=youtu.be

TRT: 13:57 Video link (2) (1861-1872): https://youtu.be/yJJBmrwtlxE

Images on Flickr: 60
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimsurkamp/albums/72157644792767614

With support from American Public University System (apus.edu). (The sentiments expressed do not in any way reflect modern-day policies of APUS, and are intended to encourage fact-based exchange for a better understanding of our nation’s foundational values.

https://web.archive.org/web/20190710020303/https://civilwarscholars.com/2014/05/r-d-shepherds-fabled-building-mcmurran-hall-shepherdstown-wv-by-jim-surkamp/

Patriarch R. D. Shepherd’s Homecoming 1859

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About how a young boy from Shepherdstown built a massive fortune through work, smarts and an act of his own heroism for another; then, turns around and gives much of it back as McMurran Hall, an Almshouse in New Orleans and other gifts.

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R. D. Shepherd had a strict, flinty way, but on paper and in the world at large did his huge generosities stand tall, pervade the landscape and enrich the hearts of humanity.

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Seventy-five-year-old Rezin Davis Shepherd, described by the New Orleans Picayune as having “the largest and most productive estate which has ever been held by one person in this city and State” – began the construction Thursday, October 6th, 1859 of a gift to his home town, this time right on lot no. 1 in Shepherdstown, the very lot where he was born in August 1, 1784.

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Who knew that in ten fleeting days – October 16th – history would be blown off its hinges by the John Brown raiders’ attack fifteen miles away at Harpers Ferry, the match that lit the simmering fever of division between

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North and South over slavery and claimed rights to secede from the Union. The tempest raged back and forth over the county and the town for 1300 hundred days of pitiless strife and war before settling back into being a barren, alien landscape.

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RD’s (“RD” henceforth for “Rezin Davis Shepherd”) building – beautiful as were all his buildings remains a Greek Revival style, with a two-story-portico and Corinthian flourishes. But in the 1860s, it would bear witness to all that was rent asunder and itself narrowly avoid destruction, unlike a less lucky altruistic juggernaut project of Shepherd’s in New Orleans – the palatial Almshouse. But this, RD’s Town Hall, first named, would eventually live a “long, happy life” first as the County Court, then into its present-day majesty as the signature building of Shepherd University.

Growing Up – RD Learns the Trade:

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was sent to New Orleans to assure a good return on a huge shipment of British goods his firm had purchased for New Orleans’ customers. Then his first big “killing” was with another fresh-faced, hard-driving Taylor colleague, James McDonough. Wrote the Picayune: In October, 1803, it was well known throughout the country that Louisiana had been purchased by the United States. Mr. Taylor was the only merchant who seemed to comprehend the profit from one consequence of the this great political event.

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Coming into his own, he married Lucy Taylor Gorham of Barnstable, Massachusetts in 1808, who was “a niece and adopted daughter” of Taylor. On August 22nd, 1809, their only child, Ellen Shepherd, was born in Louisiana. (Lucy would die in 1814).

.

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It was at this juncture the penchant of RD for regular, publicity-averse benefactions took root, in the moment of his willed defiance against a direct military order to work, instead, to save one particular wounded man, left for dead in war, a man who himself would live on to become the epitome of the proverbial Good Man, albeit

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extraordinarily wealthy. His name was Judah Touro, a top-hatted, but humble Jewish businessman who believed in respect for all religions and daily applications of the code of good works. He was beloved throughout his circles and region as “the Israelite without guile.”

Wrote Author Colyar:

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While carrying ammunition on the battle field Jan. 1, 1815 Mr. Touro was struck by a 12-pound shot which tore

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a large mass of flesh from the thigh and prostrated him among the dead and dying. Mr. Rezin Shepherd, was carrying a special order from Commodore Patterson across the river to the main army. On reaching the bank he met a friend, who told him his friend Touro was dead. Inquiring where he was, Shepherd was informed that he had been taken to

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an old building in the rear of Jackson’s headquarters. Forgetting his orders, Mr. Shepherd went immediately to the place and found he was not dead, but, as the surgeon said, in a dying condition. Disregarding what the surgeon said, Shepherd got a cart, put him in it, administered stimulants, and took Touro to his own house. He then procured nurses, and by the closest attention, Mr. Touro’s life was saved. Mr. Shepherd returned late in the day,

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having performed his mission, to find Commodore Patterson in a bad humor, and, speaking severely to him, the latter said: “Commodore, you can hang or shoot me, and it will be all right, but my best friend needed my assistance, and nothing on earth could have induced me to neglect him.”

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RD’s businesses continued to grow exponentially and his brother, James Hervey Shepherd, was summoned from Shepherdstown to assist.

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1817-1837 – RD travels to Europe, settles in Boston doting on his daughter’s education.

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1822 – RD maintained his businesses and shipping concerns at 5 Pearl Street and nearby 28 Indian Wharf house.

He has her portrait painted by Thomas Sully in 1831, a few years after Gilbert Stuart is commissioned to paint his own portrait. (Stuart died in 1828).

1829, April 20 – Ellen Shepherd marries Gorham Brooks of Medford, Massachusetts.

1834 – RD commissions Samuel Fuller to build the 480-ton merchant ship in Medford, named after his daughter, the “Ellen Brooks.”

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1837 – James Hervey Shepherd dies. RD returns to run businesses in New Orleans.

1837, July 23 – Ellen (Shepherd) Brooks and her husband, usually in Boston or Medford, temporarily reside in Baltimore.

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1837-1865 – RD’s nephew, Henry Shepherd Jr., who was brought up in his uncle’s counting room, gradually assumes the role as RD’s agent in New Orleans.

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1839 – RD’s commissioned painting of the ship the “Ellen Brooks” is completed, attributed to Samuel Walters (British, 1811-1882), called “Ellen Brooks, Off Holyhead, Homeward Bound.”

1841 – RD buys 468 acres of land and begins building Wild Goose Farm, but not yet living there full-time; he also pays for most of the remodeling of the original Trinity Episcopal Church in Shepherdstown.

1842, June – RD signs a petition to Congress along with numerous other planters and sugar manufacturers in the state of Louisiana that asks for an increase in the duties on imported sugar.

1849 – RD places responsibilities on his eighteen-year-old nephew, Henry Shepherd Jr., who would become his agent in New Orleans through the Civil War, allowing RD to return more permanently to his Wild Goose Farm.

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1850 – In Shepherdstown & Wild Goose Farm; the 1850 Census shows 66-year-old RD with a period worth of $240,000, living only with workmen: 26-year-old German-born master stonemason Conrad Smith and an overseer. Although one account states Touro stipulated that RD free his enslaved persons, RD is shown to having owned numerous persons, enumerated in both the 1850 and 1860 Census slave schedules.

1854, January 6th – Touro’s Will makes Rezin Davis Shepherd residuary legatee of the estate and executor; $395,000 is willed to specific recipients. A sum iof $80,000 is set aside for a palatial almshouse, with the added stipulation to RD that more sums, if needed, should be used to complete this priority project.

Judah Touro made out his will January 6, 1854 a few days before his death that said:

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As regards my other designated executor, say my dear, old, and devoted friend, Rezin Davis Shepherd, to whom, under Divine Providence, I am greatly indebted for the preservation of my life when I was wounded on the 1st of January, 1815, I hereby appoint and institute him, the said Rezin Davis Shepherd, after payment of my particular legacies, and the debts of my succession, the universal legatee of the rest and residue of my estates, movable and immovable.

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RD continued his projects both in New Orleans and Shepherdstown. He had already funded remodeling of the Trinity

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Episcopal Church. He planned a clock and bell to its original church then after some legal squabbling – the clock – to everyone’s assent – was reassigned to be inserted in to the new government building.

The Shepherd Family is Scattered By War:

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The war hit the family hard. Most of the young men enlisted in Virginia units. RD had to recalibrate his business strategies. Wrote the Richmond Daily Dispatch: June 8, 1861:
The New Orleans Delta states that R. D. Shepherd, Esq., who is now at an advanced time of life, living on his beautiful farm near Shepherdstown, Virginia, has directed his agent in New Orleans to pay over to the treasurer of the Confederate States a large sum of money, including, it is said, his whole annual income from rents in that city — the largest income enjoyed by any property holder — to be applied to the defence of the rights and the support of the independence of the South.

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In the spring of 1862 when Federal General Banks with his army entered into Jefferson County, RD took refuge in Boston with his daughter.

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As the war progressed, its maw of destruction came closer to Shepherdstown’s nearly complete building. 130,000 troops moved in the area in September, 1862 for the bloody Maryland Campaign, just across the Potomac river. Wounded from the nearby battles poured into Shepherdstown, putting the unfinished Town Hall into service as an outdoor hospital.

Wrote Mary Bedinger Mitchell:

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The unfinished Town Hall had stood in naked ugliness for many a long day. Somebody threw a few rough boards across the beams, placed piles of straw over them, laid down single planks to walk upon, and lo, it was a hospital at once.

There were six churches and they were all full, the barn-like place known as the Drill Room, all the private houses after their capacity, the shops and empty buildings, the school-houses – every inch of space and yet the cry was for more room.

We went about our work with pale faces and trembling hands, yet trying to appear composed for the sake of our patients, who were much excited. We could hear the incessant explosions of artillery, the shrieking whistles of the shells, and the sharper, deadlier more thrilling roll of musketry; while every now and then the echo of some charging cheer would come, borne by the wind, and as the human voice would pierce that demoniacal clangor we would catch out breath and listen, and try not to sob, and turn back to the forlorn hospitals, to the suffering at our feet and before our eyes while imagination fainted at the thought of those other scenes hidden from us beyond the Potomac.

Had Federal General George McClellan crossed the Potomac and pursued General Lee’s scattered and mauled army, as historians have much criticized him since for not doing, Shepherdstown would have likely suffered greater damage, but, as it was, shells landed in the yards of the Lees and Morgans and one or two even hit Shepherd’s new Town Hall, but were of little consequence.

Property Losses in New Orleans:

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January 29, 1864
From Brig. General James Bowen
Provost Marshal General
Department of the Gulf.

Sir:
The undersigned acting as the duly authorized agent and attorney in fact of Rezin Davis Shepherd, formerly the State of Virginia, but for more than eight months past residing with his daughter Mrs. Gorham Brooks in the city of Boston and State of Massachusetts, respectfully represents: That the said Shepherd is a loyal citizen of the United States and the true and lawful owner of the Brick Dwelling No. 18 Bourbon Street between Canal and Custom House Streets in the City of New Orleans and also of all the furniture and contents thereof: that in the month of June, 1862 Col. Stafford without show of authority, placed in possession of said house and contents, a man by the name of Horton or Houghton, who has ever since occupied and now occupied and uses the same as a Boarding House, and who never has paid any rent or compensation there and continually refused to do so.

Under the circumstances, the undersigned respectfully appeals to you, General, for relief, and asks that the matter be referred to Capt. Edward Page and Thomas Tileston, or other of them for investigation and that the aforesaid premises and contents be restored to the possession of the owner without delay; Henry Shepherd Jr.

Like The Town Hall, the huge, magnificent Almshouse in New Orleans remained unfinished, to be hit by a worse fate. Shepherd was charged by Touro’s will to first put $80,000 toward its construction, then be prepared to put more money into its construction- including even some of Shepherd’s own funds – as recipient of Touro’s residue.

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Wrote the editors of the Times-Picayune in a long obituary:
In his native village he erected a splendid building, designed for a town hall, also a large academy, with beautiful grounds and a walk. He also deposited with the Mayor annually a large sum to buy fuel and provisions for the poor. He also erected the largest and most costly church in Jefferson County. Many other acts of public and private benevolence were performed by him in his quiet, furtive manner.

With war ended and when he was still healthy, RD had urged that his Town Hall become the County Court since the Charlestown courthouse was a battle-scarred ruin, especially from a shelling it took in the fall of 1863.

A Visitor Contemplates Charlestown’s Ruined Courthouse in mid-1865:

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soldiers were scrawled along the walls. No torch had been applied to the wood-work, but the work of destruction had been performed by the hands of hilarious soldier-boys ripping up floors and pulling down laths and joists to the tune of “John Brown,” the swelling melody of the song, and the accompaniment of crashing partitions, reminding the citizens, who thought to have destroyed the old hero, that his soul was marching on. It was also a consolation to know that the court-house and jail would probably never be rebuilt, the county-seat having been removed from Charlestown to Shepherdstown — “forever,” say the resolute loyal citizens of Jefferson County, who rose to vote it back again.

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The Shepherd boys who enlisted in Virginia companies each – over time – came home and were either buried in Elmwood Cemetery or the Shepherd Burial Ground – or lived.

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Clarence Edward Shepherd became a teacher in Maryland.

While RD’s nephew and agent, Henry Shepherd Jr. was in New Orleans during the war, minding the family interests, three of his brothers were at war. The eldest Rezin Davis, his older brother who had a young family

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since 1858, died of disease November 2, 1862 at his “river cottage” after imprisonment in the Old Capitol Prison for being an associate of Confederate spy, Redmond Burke. He left his widow, Elizabeth Boteler Stockton Shepherd, two children (Fannie and Alexandria) and a third (David) on the way. Probably first buried on his farm, Rezin Shepherd (a nephew of the patriarch) was reburied after peace came in the new Elmwood Cemetery. His site was joined by all his family as time unspooled.

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Henry Jr.’s next brother, twenty-five year-old Abraham, enlisted May 22nd, 1861, would move over to Co. F. of the 17th Virginia Cavalry, get wounded at the third battle of Winchester in September 19, 1864, and become a prisoner of war. But he survived the war and died many years later in 1907.

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Henry Jr.’s younger brother, James Touro (Truro) Shepherd, enlisted as a Private May 1st, 1861 in the 2nd Virginia Infantry. Like many, the rigors of marching under Gen. Stonewall Jackson proved an impetus to transfer out into a Cavalry regiment, and he joined Co. B of Gen. Stuart’s Horse Artillery under John Pelham, with a promotion to first lieutenant. His service record ends abruptly in the spring of 1862. The Shepherdstown Register in September, 1865 reported him having died in “Richmond City” in March, 1862. His marker dates his death as August 13, 1862, which may be the date of his re-internment into the family burial ground.

Two sons of James H. and his wife, Florence Hamtramck Shepherd were buried a few feet apart in the family burial ground on Shepherdstown’s New Street adjacent to the Episcopal rectory. Robert F. Shepherd, who joined Co. H, 2nd Va. Infantry, died May 4, 1862 of pneumonia.

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Rezin Davis Shepherd was buried there too, in his own time.

He left all his fortune to his daughter, who, since 1855, had been a widow.

Wrote the Shepherdstown Register: A Large Estate – the late Rezin D. Shepherd left an estate valued at about $1,500,000 all of which goes to his daughter, Mrs. Brooks of Boston. He was born in 1784 (on the lot where the court house would be built). In 1809 he went to New Orleans and engaged in the commission business until 1849 and was the executor of the estate of the late Judah Touro. Mr. Shepherd was formerly a merchant in this city, residing on High Street. He accumulated a very large property in New Orleans and was reputed to be one of the wealthiest men of that city. Upon the breaking out of the rebellion, he returned to Boston and resided for a short time with his daughter and sole heir, Mrs. Gorham Brooks, widow of a son of the late Peter C. Brooks. His estate on High Street was formerly, we believe the property of Samuel Dexter.

The Massachusetts Historical Society today displays a cannon donated by the family and acquired by RD – a smaller version of the one that so severely wounded RD’s friend, Judah Touro.

The visiting journalist Trowbridge was proven wrong – the county seat DID go back to the Charlestown Courthouse. Wrote the editors of the Charlestown-based newspaper, The Spirit of Jefferson, in 1894:

:

McMurran_Hall


The Normal College building, formerly the town hall, on Main Street, is a handsome structure, the gift of one of the Shepherd family, Rezin D. from which the town takes its name. You will remember that it was used as a court house since the war and the courts of Jefferson county were held there, one Judge Hall sitting on the bench. A political rape was perpetuated on Charlestown, the party in power, fitly termed radicals, thought they had a sure thing of it, built a jail and added a wing to either side of the town hall, but “the best laid schemes of mice and men gang af’t aglee.” The fellows that did all this mischief were turned down by the people and things took their normal shape and Charlestown was again the county seat.

Shepherd University began when the county seat of Jefferson County, West Virginia, was moved from Shepherdstown to Charles Town in July 1871. On February 27, 1872, the Legislature of West Virginia passed the following act: “That a branch of the State Normal School be and the same is hereby established at the building known as Shepherd College, in Shepherdstown, in the county of Jefferson.”

Shepherd_Brooks


RD’s descendant, Shepherd Brooks, made it final when he deeded the property and building over to the School and a three-person board of trustees to maintain it.

As they say, settings reverse, the tide of life had gone out – and – came back in again.

ship2
Rezin_D_Shepherd_AD_1808_Baltimore

References:

1840, 1850, 1860 Census for Jefferson County, Va.

Colyar, A.S. (1904). ”Life and times of Andrew Jackson; soldier–statesman–president.” Vol. 1. Nashville, TN: Press of Marshall & Bruce company. Print.

Colyar, A.S. (1904). ”Life and times of Andrew Jackson; soldier–statesman–president. Vol. 1.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Sept. 2010.
. . . inflicting a ghastly wound, which tore off a large portion of the flesh. About this time Commodore Patterson sent his aide, Shepherd, with special orders across the river to the main army ; and on reaching the bank he met a friend, who told him his friend Touro was dead. Inquiring where he was, Shepherd was informed that he had been taken to an old building in the rear of Jackson’s headquarters. Forgetting his orders, Mr. Shepherd went immediately to the place and found he was not dead, but, as the surgeon said, in a dying condition. Disregarding what the surgeon said, Shepherd got a cart, put him in it, administered stimulants, and took him to his own house. He then procured nurses, and by the closest attention Mr. Touro’s life was saved. Mr. Shepherd returned late in the day, having performed his mission, to find Commodore Patterson in a bad humor, and, speaking severely to him, the latter said : “Commodore, you can hang or shoot me, and it will be all right ; but my best friend needed my assistance, and nothing on earth could have induced me to neglect him.” Hearing all, the Commodore was reconciled.

These men both became millionaires and both lived into old age. Mr. Touro was always known as “the Israelite without guile.” He died in 1854, leaving an immense estate, giving one-half of it to charities — charities selected with great discrimination — and the entire other half he gave to the man who had saved his life. Mr. Shepherd appropriated almost the entire half given to him in improving and beautifying the street on which they had both lived, and it is, and long has been, known as “Touro Street the Beautiful.” – pp. 294-295.

Everson, Dan. (2006). “A History of the National Conservation Training Center Property and Surrounding Area, Part Three: The Nineteenth Century.” Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society. Vol. LXXII pp. 36-45. Print.

Everson, Dan. (2006). “A History of the National Conservation Training Center Property and Surrounding Area.” nctc.fws.gov 4 January 2000 Web. 10 May 2014.

In November, R.D Shepherd died of typhoid fever, after having retired and become a recluse on his Wild Goose Farm some years before. The war had to have been a tremendous burden on R.D. during the last years of his life: much of his business was still in New Orleans, a southern port city fought over and occupied by northern military forces for much of the war, while his daughter, grandsons, and other business interests were located in the Yankee bastion of Boston. His Wild Goose Farm heard the footsteps and cannon of armies on both sides of the conflict, so it can perhaps be understood why R.D. would look for peace in a world gone mad. His will specified that various family members could keep everything that he had given them over the years, and all his property, including the Medford estate in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and his real estate holdings in New Orleans, were to be divided between his daughter Ellen Brooks and her two sons, Peter Brooks and Shepherd Brooks (JC Recorders WB, p.21). It is assumed that nephew Henry, already in New Orleans, continued to manage the operations there for the Brooks family members. Henry Shepherd II took over ownership of the Wild Goose Farm at some point, thus creating the necessity of distinguishing between his Upper (Wild Goose) and Lower (Springwood) farms. Henry would come back to live in Virginia full-time with his wife, Azemia (McLean) Shepherd, daughter of a prominent New Orleans merchant, and four children sometime in the 1870s (in the Jefferson County, VA 1880 census he listed an 8-year-old son born in Louisiana, suggesting the family moved back to Virginia after 1872).

Service Records:

SHEPHERD, ABRAHAM S.: b. 3/21/36. Farmer. enl. 5/22/61 at Camp Jackson in Co. A. Discharged 6/6/61 “on account of being a captain in the 55th Regiment militia in Jefferson County and being ordered on duty by Col. John T. Gibson, commanding said regiment of militia.” Unofficial source shows him also in Co. F, 17th Va. Cav. Wounded. at 3rd Winchester, 9/19/64. POW April 21-20, 1865. paroled Lewisburg, WV April 24, 1865. d. 11/5/07. bur. Elmwood Cem., Shepherdstown, W. Va.

SHEPHERD, JAMES T(R) OURO: b. Jefferson County 8/21/38. Charles Town census 1860. Farmhand. enlisted 5/1/61 Pvt. detailed hospital attendant 7-8/61. Trans. to Co. B Stuart’s Horse artillery 3/23/62. According to the Shepherdstown Register, September, 1865 he died in Richmond City in March, 1862, serving as a fourth lieutenant in Capt. Pelham’s Stuart Horse Artillery. To 2nd Lt. 6/1/62. His marker lists his death as on 8/13/62 . bur. Shepherd Cem.

SOURCE: Frye, Dennis E. (1984). “2nd Virginia Infantry.” Lynchburg, Va.: H. E. Howard, Inc. Print.

Hunt, Freeman. (1858). “Lives of American merchants, Volume 2.” New York, Cincinnati, OH: Derby & Jackson, H. W. Derby. Print.

Hunt, Freeman. (1858). “Lives of American merchants, Volume 2.” books.google.com 3 August 2009 Web. 10 May 2014.

Judah Touro made out his will January 6, 1854 a few days before his death that wrote:

“As regards my other designated executor, say my dear, old, and devoted friend, Rezin Davis Shepherd, to whom, under Divine Providence, I am greatly indebted for the preservation of my life when I was wounded on the 1st of January, 1815, I hereby appoint and institute him, the said Rezin Davis Shepherd, after payment of my particular legacies, and the debts of my succession, the universal legatee of the rest and residue of my estates, movable and immovable.” p. 453.

Kenamond, A. D. (1963). “Prominent Men of Shepherdstown During Its First Hundred years.” Charlestown, WV: A Jefferson County Historical Society Publication. Print.

Mitchell, Mary B. “A Woman’s Recollections of Antietam.” “Battles and Leaders. Vol. 2″. (1887). Robert Underwood Johnson, Clarence Clough Buel (Ed.). New York, NY: Century Co. Print.

“Battles and Leaders. Vol. 2” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Sept. 2010.
p. 691.

Perry, Thornton T. “Thornton Tayloe Perry Collection.” Virginia Historical Society, Richmond. Va. Microfilm Roll 47 “Shepherd Papers.”

Smyth, Samuel Gordon (ed.). (1909). “A genealogy of the Duke-Shepherd-Van Metre family: from civil, military, church and family records and documents.” Press of the New era printing company in Lancaster, Pa. Print.

Smyth, Samuel Gordon (ed.). (1909). “A genealogy of the Duke-Shepherd-Van Metre family: from civil, military, church and family records and documents.” books.google.com 3 August 2009 Web. 10 May 2014.

Henry Shepherd (Thomas, Abraham) son of Abraham and Eleanor (Strode) Shepherd, b. 4 Janu. 1793; d. 12 Oct. 1870; m. 7 May 1822 Fanny E.Briscoe of Piedmont Issue Mary Eleanor b. 18 July 1824, d. 18 August 1825 ***REZIN DAVIS b. 7 July, 1826, d. 2 November, 1862 Ann Elizabeth, Henry, John, ***ABRAHAM, ***JAMES TRURO b. 21 August 1838.

Rezin Davis Shepherd (Thomas, Abraham, Henry) son of Henry and Fannie E. (Briscoe) Shepherd, b. 7 July 1826; d. 2 Nov. 1862; m. Elizabeth Stockton Boteler of Shepherdstown, WV children Fannie, Alexandria, David (born shortly after father died). – p. 246.

Trowbridge, John T. (1866). “The South: a tour of its battlefields and ruined cities, a journey through the desolated states, and talks with the people: being a decription of the present state of the country – its agriculture – railroads – business and finances.” Hartford, Conn., L. Stebbins. Print.

Trowbridge, John T. (1866).”The South: a tour of its battlefields and ruined cities, a journey through the desolated states, and talks with the people: being a decription of the present state of the country – its agriculture – railroads – business and finances.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2012.
p. 71.

Affairs in Washington County
Date: Thursday, September 29, 1859; Paper: Sun (Baltimore, MD) Volume: LXV Issue: 116 page: 1. This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014.

Rezin D.Shepherd, the millionaire, is about to erect a town-hall for the citizens of Shepherdstown, Va, the cornerstone of which will be laid on Thursday, the 6th of October, with masonic ceremonies. – page 1. (Genealogybank is a fee-based service).

The Normal College building, formerly the town hall, on Main Street, is a handsome structure, the gift of one of the Shepherd family, Rezin D. from which the town takes its name. You will remember that it was used as a court house since the war and the courts of Jefferson county were held there, one Judge Hall sitting on thebench. A political rape was perpetuated on Charlestown, the party in power, fitly termed radicals, thought they had a sure thing of it, built a jail and added a wing to either side of the town hall, but “the best laid schemes of mice and men gang af’t aglee.” The fellows that did all this mischief were tunred down by the people and things took their normal shape and Charlestown was again the county seat. – Spirit of Jefferson., September 18, 1894. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov 10 May 2009 Web. 10 May 2014. page 3.

The Late Rezin Davis Shepherd
Date: Saturday, November 18, 1865; Paper: Times-Picayune (New Orleans, LA) Page: 4
This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014.

When the British army landed in this state in 1814, Mr. Shepherd joined the volunteer troop of horse, commanded by Captain Ogden. He was transferred by special order of Gen. Jackson to the staff of Commodore Patterson. It was while in theperformance of his duties as aide of Commodore Patterson that Mr. Shepherd rendered that service to his old friend, Judah Touro, to which that good and grateful philanthropist refers so feelingly in his will, as the means by which he was rescued from death. In remembrance of this act, and of the long friendship which had existed between them, Mr. Touro left the residue of his estate after bequeathing over a half a million to numerous charities, to his “dear old friend, Rezin D. Shepherd.” That residue proved to be a very large sum. – page 4. (Genealogybank is a fee-based service).

A Large Estate
Date: Saturday, November 25, 1865; Paper: American Traveller (Boston, MA) Page: 2
This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014.

A Large Estate The Shepherdstown (West Virginia) Register states that the late Rezin D. Shepherd of that palce, left an estate valued at about $1,500,000 all of which goes to his daughter, Mrs. Brooks of Boston. He was born in 1784 (on the lot where the court house would be built – In 1809 he went to New Orleans and engaged in the commission business until 1849 and was the executor of the estate of the late Judah Touro. Mr. Shepherd was formerly a merchant in this city, residing on High Street. He accumulated a very large property in New Orleans and was reputed to be one of the wealthiest men of that city. Unpon the breaking out of the rebellion, he returned to Boston and resided for a short time with his daughter and sole heir, Mrs. Gorham Brooks, widow of a son of the late Peter C. Brooks. His estate on High Street was formerly, we believe the property of Samuel Dexter. page 2. (Genealogybank is a fee-based service).

5 Calvert Street William Taylor’s office
Maryland Medical Journal: Medicine and Surgery, Volume 10. ADD

Maryland Medical Journal: Medicine and Surgery, Volume 10. books.google.com 3 August 2009 Web. 10 May 2014.

McMurran Hall as the Town Hall; town clock with inscription from R. D. Shepherd
1860-1865 shepherd.edu 8 February 1999 Web. 10 May 2014.

McMurran Hall was the first building occupied by Shepherd University when the institution was first formed in September 1871. It housed both administrative offices and classrooms. During the twentieth century, McMurran Hall served as an academic building holding classes in biology, journalism, music, and public speaking. Today it serves as the offices for Advancement, University Foundation, and Alumni Relations. McMurran Hall was constructed in the Greek Revival style in 1859-60 by Rezin Shepherd, the great-grandson of Thomas Shepherd (the founder of Shepherdstown), and consisted only of the central portion of the building. The clock, also referred to as the “Town Clock,” in McMurran Hall’s tower was a gift from Rezin Shepherd to the Trinity Episcopal Church in 1842. The “Town Clock” was removed from the Trinity Episcopal Church, located on the corner of High and Church Streets, in the fall of 1860 and placed in McMurran Hall’s tower. The construction of the stone wall along the south and west boundaries of McMurran Hall started in 1859 and was not completed until after the Civil War. The stones that make up the wall were hand-quarried, hand-cut limestone from Rezin Shepherd’s farm. Originally McMurran Hall was intended to be used as Shepherdstown’s town hall but events were taking place that would change that.

The Daily Dispatch Richmond, Virginia: June 8, 1861.
The New Orleans Delta states that R. D. Shepherd, Esq., who is now at an advanced time of life, living on his beautiful farm near Shepherdstown, Virginia, has directed his agent in New Orleans to pay over to the treasurer of the Confederate States a large sum of money, including, it is said, his whole annual income from rents in that city — the largest income enjoyed by any property holder — to be applied to the defence of the rights and the support of the independence of the South.
chroniclingamerica.loc.gov 10 May 2009 Web. 10 May 2014

Date: Sunday, December 25, 1904; Paper: New Orleans Item (New Orleans, LA) Page: 18
This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014. (Genealogybank is a fee-based service).

Side Lights On The History Of Louisiana
Date: Monday, November 30, 1908 Paper: Times-Picayune (New Orleans, LA) Page: 3
This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014.

While carrying ammunition on the battle field Jan. 1, Mr. Touro was struck by a 12-pound shot which tore a large mass of flesh from the thigh and prostrated him among the dead and dying. Mr. Rezin Shepherd heard that his friend was killed. (but) he searched for and found the body, still alive, of the wounded hero. Disregarding the surgeon who judged Touro was dying, Shepherd got a cart, put him in it, administered stimulants and took him to his own house. He then procured nurses, and by the closest attention Mr. Touro’s life was saved. Shepherd, reporting to Commodore Patterson, found himself severely reprimanded by his superior officer: “Commodore you can shoot me or hang me it will be all right, but my best friend needed my assistance and nothing on earth could have induced me to neglect him. – page 3. (Genealogybank is a fee-based service).

1822 Directory – Boston – Shepherd, Rezin D. merchant, 28 Indian wharf house 5 Pearl
fold3.com 3 September 2010 Web. 20 April 2014.

The 2nd Maine Cavalry was organized in Augusta, Maine November 30, 1863 through January 2, 1864 and mustered in for three years’ service under the command of Colonel Ephraim W. Woodman. wikipedia.org 2 December 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Soldiers in the 1st Louisiana Cavalry (Federal) nps.gov Search For Soldiers 1 April 2012 Web. 10 May 2014.

January 29, 1864 From Brig. General James Bowen
Provost Marshal General
Department of the Gulf.

Sir:
The undersigned acting as the duly authorized agent and attorney in fact of Rezin Davis Shepherd, formerly the State of Virginia, but for more than eight months past residing with his daughter Mrs. Gorham Brooks in the city of Boston and State of Massachusetts, respectfully represents: That the said Shepherd is a loyal citizen of the United States and the true and lawful owner of the Brick Dwelling No. 18 Bourbon Street between Canal and Custom House Streets in the City of New Orleans and also of all the furniture and contents thereof: that in the month of June, 1862 Col. Stafford without show of authority, placed in possession of said house and contents, a man by the name of Horton or Houghton, who has ever since occupied and now occupied and uses the same as a Boarding House, and who never has paid any rent or conpensation there and continually refused to do so.

Under the circumstances, the undersigned respectfully appeals to you, General, for relief, and asks that the matter be referred to Capt. Edward Page and Thomas Tileston (sic), or other of them for investigation and that the aforesaid premises and contents be restored to the possession of the owner without delay; Henry Shepherd Jr.

New Orleans January 25, 1864 Henry Shepherd Jr. and R.D. Shepherd. On relation to house No. 18 Bourbon St. occupied by Mr. Houghton since June 1862 by order of Col. Stafford without authority applied for the release of the house and furniture. Feb. 11, 1814 – Thisman appears fromthe report to be an ordinary trespasser on Mr. Shepherd’s property. An appeal should be made to an ordinary Civil Authority. The military authority of the Department ignores the act of permitting the occupation.

Union Provost Marshals’ File Of Paper Relating To Individual Civilians Rezin D. Shepherd, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) – fold3.com 3 September 2010 Web. 20 April 2014.

Date: Sunday, December 25, 1904; Paper: New Orleans Item (New Orleans, LA) Page: 18
This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014.

Congress will be asked to reimburse the Judah Touro Almshouse for the destruction of its property by the Federal troops during their occupancy of the city in the year 1864. The almshouse was a beautiful new strcuture not yet occupied and was valued at about $200,000. There was no insurance on the building. The will provided that $80,000 should be used in the construction in New Orleans of a home for indigent persons. In a letter of instructions Mr Touro authorized his friend (Shepherd) to make whatever additional demands upon the estate as he might deem necessary to consummate the project. Out of his own funds Mr.Shepherd purchased a fine tract of land, 400 feet long, fronting the river at Louisa Street . . .designed and built an imposing four-story Gothic structure . . . The iron alone cost $30,000. It was regarded as one of the finest public structures in the South.
Used as a mustering out headquarters with Major Sylvanus Small of Massachusetts – who gave his testimony to make the applicationfor reimbusement successful. – p. 18 (Genealogybank.com is a fee-based service).

Wild Goose Farm – Shepherd Grade
Resource History and Historic Context
jeffersoncountyhlc.org 2 May 2008 Web. 10 May 2014.

Medford Historical Society Papers, Volume 5 Medford, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.

Images:

Description: Andrew Jackson – 7th President of the United States (1829–1837)
Date: 1824; Source: senate.gov/artandhistory 7 February 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Author: Thomas Sully (1783–1872)
wikipedia.org 2 December 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Portrait Adolph Rinck, Portrait “Judah P. Touro”
wikipedia.org 2 December 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Description: The Battle of New Orleans at Chalmette, 1815.
Date: 1815; Source: Painting by Jean Hyacinthe de Laclotte (1766 – 1829), a member of the Louisiana Militia who participated in the battle; painted by him after the victory based on his sketches made at the scene. Via copy online at [1]
Author Jean Hyacinthe de Laclotte (1766 – 1829)
wikipedia.org 2 December 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Daniel_Patterson
wikipedia.org 2 December 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Patterson
wikimedia.org 24 July 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Artist: Francis Guy (1760–1820); Title: View of Baltimore from Chapel Hill
Date: between 1802 and 1803; Medium: oil on canvas; Dimensions: 120.5 × 237.6 cm (47.4 × 93.5 in); Current location: Brooklyn Museum; File:Brooklyn Museum – View of Baltimore from Chapel Hill – Francis Guy – wikimedia.org 24 July 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

5 Calvert Street – Google Maps November, 2007.

District_of_Louisiana
wikipedia.org 2 December 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Image of man and woman
The arrival of ten thousand refugees in New Orleans after the 1794–1804 slave rebellion in Haiti contributed to the doubling of New Orleans’s population between 1805 and 1810 and increased the size of the city’s black population relative to the populations of other groups. Courtesy Louisiana State Museum. journalofamericanhistory.org 4 January 2007 Web. 10 May

12 Pounder Long Naval Gun of the Nelson Period – Drawings
royal-navy.org 25 July 2001 Web. 10 May 2014.

Carte de visite of Rezin D. Shepherd 1860 – Massachusetts Historical Society.

Shepherd Brooks Saltonstall cannon Brass six-pounder cannon on a ship-style gun carriage
Brass six-pounder cannon on a ship-style gun carriage. Captured from the British at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. The inscription reads: “This Cannon was captured from the British at the Battle of New Orleans January 8th 1815. Later, at the sale of sundry effects of the United States Government, this gun amongst them was bought by Mr. R. D. Shepherd and has descended to his heirs.”
masshist.org 5 April 1997 Web. 10 May 2014.

R. D. Shepherd signature
Deed Records, Jefferson County Clerk, Charles Town, WV.

Grace Church, Medford. A window on the south side to the memory of Mrs. Ellen Shepherd Brooks. – Medford Historical Society Papers, Volume 5. gracemedford.org 18 October 2001 Web. 10 May 2014.

A photograph of the “Ellen Brooks,” 480 tons, built by George Fuller for R. D. Shepherd in 1834, the 197th in the list of Medford-built ships – Medford Historical Society Papers, Volume 22. perseus.tufts.edu 1 June 2005 Web. 10 May 2014.

SULLY Thomas, Snr, 1783-1872 (USA); Title : Portrait of Ellen Shepherd Brooks (Mrs. Gorham Brooks); Date: 1831; Portrait of Ellen Shepherd Brooks (Mrs. Gorham Brooks); Monogrammed and dated “TS.1831.” c.r., identified on a loan label from the Boston Museum of Fine Arts on the reverse. Oil on canvas, 30 x 25 in. (76.2 x 63.5 cm), framed. Condition: Canvas mounted to cradled Masonite panel, minor retouch, fine stable craquelure, scattered scuffs to background, surface accretions. Provenance: By descent within the family of the sitter. N.B. Ellen Brooks’s father, R.D. Shepherd, was a ship owner from Massachusetts. In 1834 he commissioned a vessel to be built in Medford and christened it after his daughter.

Edward Biddle and Mantle Fielding, (1921). “The Life and Works of Thomas Sully (1783-1872).” Philadelphia, PA: Wickersham Press. Print.

Edward Biddle and Mantle Fielding, (1921). “The Life and Works of Thomas Sully (1783-1872).” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Sept. 2010.
p. 107.

Shepherd Brooks
Added by: mike ford
Shepherd Brooks
Birth: Jul. 23, 1837
Death: Feb. 21, 1922
Family links: Parents:Gorham Brooks (1795 – 1885)
Ellen Shepherd Brooks (1809 – 1884)
Spouse: Clara Gardner Brooks (1845 – 1939)
Sibling: Peter Chardon Brooks (1831 – 1920)
Shepherd Brooks (1837 – 1922)
Burial: Oak Grove Cemetery; Medford, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA
Plot: 212 Oak Ave, Grave 7.
findagrave.com 5 December 1998 Web. 10 May 2014.

Ellen Shepherd Brooks Birth: Jul. 31, 1809, Death: Aug. 11, 1884
findagrave.com 5 December 1998 Web. 10 May 2014.

Recruiting Poster 2nd Maine Cavalry – Maine State Museum.

India_Wharf – 19th century
wikipedia.org 2 December 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Description: Detail of 1814 map of Boston by John Groves Hale, showing Broad Street, State Street and vicinity. Date: 1814; Source: Boston Public Library. http://maps.bpl.org/details_12926; Author: Hale.
wikipedia.org 2 December 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Sketch of Rue Bourbon by Alfred R. Waud, 1871
Bourbon St.: part of New Orleans’ colorful history — GoNOLA.
www.gonola.com599 × 599Search by image
Page by Edward Branley
gonola.com 28 April 2001 Web. 10 May 2014.

Urban America – New Orleans (maps)
urbannorleans.blogspot.com 15 May 2013 Web. 10 May 2014.

Series of images:
Eliza Moore Chinn McHatten Ripley. “Social Life in Old New Orleans …
Typical Old New Orleans Dwelling; A New Orleans Yard and Cistern

Eliza Moore Chinn McHatten Ripley. “Social Life in Old New Orleans …

Eliza Moore Chinn McHatten Ripley. “Social Life in Old New Orleans.” docsouth.unc.edu 19 January 2001 Web. 10 May 2014.

King, Edward. (1875).”The Great South; A Record of Journeys in Louisiana, Texas, the Indian Territory, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland:” Illustrated by Champney, James Wells. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Co. Print.

King, Edward. (1875).”The Great South; A Record of Journeys in Louisiana, Texas, the Indian Territory, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland:” docsouth.unc.edu 19 January 2001 Web. 10 May 2014.

Photograph Sugar field work
crt.state.la.us 12 April 1997 Web. 10 May 2014.

SUGAR PLANTATION OF EDWARD BUTLER, POTASH, LA.- One of the largest sugar cane growers in the state.
Haley, James T. (1897). “Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading: A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child.” Nashville, TN: J. T. Haley & Company, Publishers. Print.

Haley, James T. (1897). “Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading: A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child.” gutenberg.org 4 April 1997 Web. 10 May 2014. p. 102.

“Ellen Brooks” the ship
Davidson, A. S. (Dec 1992). “Samuel Walters – Marine Artist: Fifty Years of Sea, Sail and Steam.” Jones – Sands Publishing. Print.

The ‘Alert’ of Liverpool off Capetown
Samuel Walters – Date unknown; the-athenaeum.org Artworks by Artist 3 May 2012 Web. 20 April 2014.

James Bowen Image
Birth: Feb. 25, 1808
New York, New York County (Manhattan)
New York, USA
Death: Sep. 29, 1886
Dobbs Ferry
Westchester County
New York, USA

Civil War Union Brevet Major General. At the beginning of the Civil War, he was on the board of police commissioners for the New York Metropolitan Police Force. He raised regiments, which were formed into a brigade and took command commissioned a Brigadier General of volunteers in October 1862. Sent to New Orleans, he served as Provost-Marshal General Department of the Gulf, until he resigned on July 27, 1864. For distinguished service, he was brevetted Major General of US Volunteers on March 13, 1865. After the war, he served as a Commissioner of Charities, New York. (bio by: John “J-Cat” Griffith)
findagrave.com 5 December 1998 Web. 10 May 2014.

Affairs in Washington County
Date: Thursday, September 29, 1859; Paper: Sun (Baltimore, MD) Volume: LXV Issue: 116 Page: 1. This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014.

Rezin D.Shepherd, the millionaire, is about to erect a town-hall for the citizens of Shepherdstown, Va, the cornerstone of which will be laid on Thursday, the 6th of October, with masonic ceremonies.
genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014. (Genealogybank is a fee-based service).

A Remarkable and Benevolent Man
Date: Tuesday, January 31, 1854; Paper: Sun (Baltimore, MD) Volume: XXXIV Issue: 30 Page: 1. This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014. (Genealogybank is a fee-based service).

Judah Touro’s Will
Date: Tuesday, January 24, 1854; Paper: Times-Picayune (New Orleans, LA) Page: 3
This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014. (Genealogybank is a fee-based service).

Advertisement
Date: Saturday, December 3, 1808; Paper: North American and Mercantile Daily Advertiser (Baltimore, MD) Volume: II Issue: 282 Page: 2
This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004. genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers 5 January 2009 Web. 10 May 2014. (Genealogybank is a fee-based service).

John_Townsend_Trowbridge
wikipedia.org December 2003 Web. 10 May 2014.

Mary Bedinger Mitchell – Duke University Dandridge-Bedinger Collection.

1850 Slave Schedules Rezin Davis Shepherd – National Archives (NARA).
archive.org Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Sept. 2010.

1850 United States Federal Census about Rezin D Shepherd
Name: Rezin D Shepherd
Age: 65
Birth Year: abt 1785
Birthplace: Virginia
Home in 1850: District 28, Jefferson, Virginia
Gender: Male
Family Number: 537
Household Members:
Name Age
Rezin D Shepherd: 65
Eli Slone 45
Conrad Smith 26
search.ancestry.com 10 July 1998 Web. 10 May 2014.

Image “depicting” Almshouse fire
Burning of the Crosby Opera House, Great Chicago Fire, 1871.

“12th New York Regiment, Engineers at Camp Anderson, 1861.” New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. NYS Division of Military and Naval Affairs. Start date unavailable. Web. 7 July 2011.
dmna.ny.gov 30 January 2012 Web 10 May 2014.

Music, Images:

Bamboula dans desnegres 1844-1845 creole by Louis Moreau Gottschalkplayed by Jeanne Behrend
We will find below a lot of Gottschalk’s compositions played by amateurs and professionals. Don’t miss the old recordings from Jeanne Behrend and Robert Helps (no longer under copyright). We will also find the performances of an active member of gottschalk.fr (JBD) and a sélection of the best available youtube videos. gottschalk.fr.

Prof. Nick Childs and the Black Dyke Band – “History of Brass Bands – The Golden Period”
“The Yorkshire Waltzes” from 1856 John Foster. youtube.com

Traditional Sea Shanti, my version of Haul Away Joe rewritten with a womanâs story, the female side parody of âA girl in every portâ. The sailing ship sound is from BBC Sound Effects Library recording SFX-022, Track 29, Sailing Barge with my own sound effects added. Assume as much or little double entandre as you like. This audio is part of the collection: Community Audio. It also belongs to collection: Artist/Composer: Ija Soljue
Keywords: sea shanty; folk; Maratine; hilarious; funny; comical; traditional; parody; trangender; Ija Stoljue; Two Genders One Spirit; magic transwoman. archive.org

Guitar on Video No. 2-Jim Surkamp.

“Hard Times, Come Again No More” by Stephen Foster arranged and perfomred by Terry Tucker.

Nathaniel P. Banks, three-quarter length portrait, wearing military uniform, standing, with left hand on sword, facing left. loc.gov/pictures

Tremont St., Boston, 1860
Date: 1860
Source Library of Congress/Harvard University Graduate School of Design. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/landscape/index.html
Author LOC. wikimedia.org

Title: Gen. George B. McClellan and staff, Miner’s Hill, Va. March 1862
Date Created/Published: [photographed 1862, printed between 1880 and 1889]
Medium: 1 photographic print on card mount : albumen.
Summary: Portrait shows from left: Lieut. Williams, A.D.C., Surgeon Walters, Gen. G. W. Morell, Lt. Col. A. V. Colburn, A.D.C., Gen. G. B. McClellan, Lt. Col. N. B. Switzer, Prince de Joinville, Comte de Paris as identified on the card mount.
loc.gov/pictures.

Cavalry at Rest
Cavalry at Rest, p. 74.
Miller, Francis Trevelyan. (1912). “The photographic history of the civil war in ten volumes.” Vol. 4. New York, NY: The Review of Reviews Co. Print.

Miller, Francis Trevelyan. (1912). “The photographic history of the civil war in ten volumes.” Vol. 4. Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Sept. 2010.

Description: English: “Barroom Dancing” by American painter John Lewis Krimmel (1786-1821). Dance in a country tavern, showing people drinking and dancing while an African American man plays fiddle. 1 drawing: watercolor.
LOC notes: Sketch associated with 1819 oil painting “Country frolic and dance”, oil on canvas. This drawing more nearly resembles the print “Dance in a country tavern” lithographed by George Lehman, ca. 1835-36. Date from almanac hanging on wall. Date: circa 1820. wikipedia.org.

Charity Hospital p. 63.
King, Edward. “The Great South; A Record of Journeys in Louisiana, Texas, the Indian Territory, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland.” Illustrated by Champney, James Wells, 1843-1903. docsouth.unc.edu.

Touro Shakespeare Almshouse
The Touro Shakespeare Almshouse has a long and rather complicated history. Incorporated in 1855 as a result of an $80,000 bequest by Judah P. Touro, the almshouse originally operated in the Third District, in the square bounded by Piety, Desire, N. Peters and Chartres. After the Civil War, the property was transferred to the city, which held it in trust for a number of years. In 1882, the building shown here was constructed, facing what is now Daneel Street between Joseph and Nashville; it was demolished after the home moved to its present location in Algiers, where it continues to operate as a nursing home. Photo Courtesy of the New Orleans Public Library

Title: [Alexandria, Va. Cooks in the kitchen of Soldiers’ Rest]
Date Created/Published: 1865 July.
Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion.
Summary: Photograph of Washington, 1862-1865, view of Alexandria, Va.
loc.gov/pictures

Image of Charlestown Courthouse when damaged – Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society, December 1988, p. 28, Sarah Woodbury Adams.

The Late Rezin Davis Shepherd
Date: Saturday, November 18, 1865 Paper: Times-Picayune (New Orleans, LA) Page: 4
This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004.

About Spirit of Jefferson. (Charles Town, Va. [W. Va.]) 1844-1948
chroniclingamerica.loc.gov

Steve French, author, tells the factual story of the winding road in Andrew Thomas Leopold’s life.

2880 words

TRT: 25:23 Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_9FQvYpQRs&feature=youtu.be

With support from American Public University System (apus.edu). (The sentiments expressed do not in any way reflect modern-day policies of APUS, and are intended to encourage fact-based exchange for a better understanding of our nation’s foundational values.

https://web.archive.org/web/20190710015245/https://civilwarscholars.com/2014/06/author-steve-french-on-andrew-leopold-video-transcript-link/

French_Video


French, Steve. (2012). “Rebel Chronicles: Raiders, Scouts and Train Robbers of the Upper Potomac.” New Horizons Publishing Company. Print. info-sfrench52@yahoo.com

In May of 1864, when Andrew Leopold was taken to Baltimore under guard to be taken to be transferred to Fort McHenry a Baltimore Sun reporter noted “he is a guerilla chief and spy and murderer of the blackest die.” Now whether all that was true or not remains to be seen. But Andrew Leopold was born in Sharpsburg, Maryland in 1841. His father was Mathew Leopold and his mother, Polly Leopold. His father soon died and later his mother would marry John Zittle of Sharpsburg. The boy grew up in the town; later on, he worked on farms – local farms along the C&O Canal. He was a friendly boy who knew people on both sides of the river, especially in Shepherdstown where he knew quite a few people and traveled over here quite a bit. Probably at this time during his teenaged years he met Thomas Hipsley, who lived over near Moler’s Crossroads, who was an especially close friend of his and served in the Confederate Army later on with him. In 1861, he would join the first Virginia Cavalry.

Some of his first actions in the Civil War would be right here when militia men from Virginia would fire across at union guards, guarding the C&O Canal. The Entlers who lived across the river at that time running the ferry, commented later on, especially Luther about gunshots ringing out and bullets flying in the ferry house on the far side. But he served in the 1st Virginia Cavalry until April of 1862. Then he joined the 12th Virginia Cavalry along with his friend, Thomas Hipsley. During that time he participated in the Valley Campaign with Stonewall Jackson. He wrote a letter home to his mother about his experiences during that time, attacking the Union camp. Later on, he’ll fight in the Battle of Second Manassas, and he’ll be wounded three times towards the end of that battle. And his brigade commander, Gen. Beverly Robertson, will mention in the official reports of the battle how brave a man Leopold was. But once again, he was wounded three times at the Battle of Second Manassas. He has a long recovery but about October, 1862, he is headquartered with Stuart, at Stuart’s headquarters at The Bower, not far from here in Jefferson County. Towards the end of October, he is dispatched with Capt. Redmond Burke with a small band of men and they come to Shepherdstown, and are in this area scouting and rounding up conscripts for a two or three-week period.

On November 19th, there is a skirmish along the river at Guard Lock 4. And at this time a civilian named Mortimer Cookus is shot and killed by Leopold, as he is trying to escape across the river. On the night of the 24th and 25th of November, Leopold, Burke, Burke’s sons are surrounded in a house in Shepherdstown by soldiers from the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry. Burke is killed. Leopold and two of Burke’s sons are captured, Hipsley and a soldier named John O’Brien also. The next day they are taken to Sharpsburg. The Union soldiers come back to Shepherdstown to arrest Daniel Rentch, a noted Shepherdstown resident. They are taken to Fort McHenry. The soldiers who are captured – they’re released very soon afterwards, paroled.

And by January the first, 1864, they’re all back with Stuart at his camp near Fredericksburg, Virginia. That winter, as soon as he is exchanged and the others are exchanged, they’re back in the service – dispatched service – operating once again in the Shepherdstown/Berryville area, carrying mail back and forth between the citizens and armies, scouting and so on. On the night of March the 6th, he comes into Shepherdstown with John O’Brien, and he’s hunting for a man named Jacob Hudson. He finds Hudson caring for his uncle at his house at Shepherdstown. And he knocks on the door with O’Brien. Evidently he doesn’t know Hudson, but Hudson has been talking about him around town. When Hudson opens the door, Leopold asks for Hudson -“Is Hudson in the house?” – Hudson immediately becomes scared and he runs toward the back door and he is shot down. George Brantner, who was a former Confederate soldier, he’s seated right in that room, cannot tell whether it was Leopold or O’Brien who shot the young man, but he sure identifies him later on, because Leopold met Brantner at the door and (Leopold) told him he had mail for him. Leopold will come down the street that night. He will tell one resident here in the town that he did shoot a man up the street and then they will leave the mail here and head back for camp.

Ten days later, on the night of March 15th & 16th, Leopold and a group of men go to Sharpsburg, Maryland, and, in Sharpsburg that night they steal six horses from an oyster wagon, parked outside of a local tavern. After midnight on the 16th, they return to try to get across the river. They go to Bridgeport where the ferry is, directly behind me, and they knock on the door. They say they have a dispatch to take to Harper’s Ferry to (Federal) General Stevenson. The young man, Charles Entler and his friend Samuel Jones, that are in the office that night, sleeping in the office, refuse to answer the door. Finally, Leopold starts tearing the shutters off the windows and Charles decides to come out. Samuel Jones would later say he knew it was Leopold at the door, but he was too scared, too frightened to say a word. As Charles comes out the door, his brother, Luther, who is in the ferry house himself, walks outside; and, as soon as he gets outside, he hears a man shout at his brother: “By God, I’m Captain Leopold and I’ve been looking for you a long time.” Immediately the gunshot goes off, Luther turns, makes haste into his house to get his revolver. His brother, Charles, nineteen-years-old, runs off and dies in the road, going up towards Ferry Hill. Leopold and his men escape. Now, they’re wanted men. The Middletown Valley Register over in Maryland, a few days later, comes out with a long article about Leopold and his band and at the end of it says: “Leopold deserves a hempen collar.” So he’s a wanted man, not only by the authorities in Maryland, but by Union soldiers, especially Major General Robert Milroy, the famous “Grey Eagle,” who was headquartered at that time in Winchester.

Towards the end of April around April 21st, Union forces are sent out of Berryville and they go to Castleman’s Ferry. That night, they will capture Leopold, and, once again, some of the Burkes – Hipsley and some other men when they surround the house, and they threaten to burn it down, if the Confederates don’t come out. They’re taken to Winchester and put in the Clarke County jail. While in that jail, one of Milroy’s citizen spies named Michael Graham from Woodstock, Virginia, talks to Leopold and finds out what he wants. Leopold wants to either join the Union Army or be allowed to get out of jail and go to Ohio. In return he will tell Milroy who the scouts and spies are in the lower Shenandoah Valley. He will meet with Milroy, and Milroy will listen to all this, but Leopold plays his hand too fast, and tells Milroy what he needs to know beforehand. So Milroy won’t agree to give him his freedom or allow him to switch sides and join the Union Army, but he will pack him to the prison at Fort McHenry. The inner fort was where only the most notorious Confederate guerrillas and partisans are held.

Now over in Sharpsburg at this time, Polly Zittle will hear of her son’s dire circumstances, and she will ask daughter, Sally Zittle, who is Andrew’s half-sister to come to Shepherdstown and meet with Mary Louise Entler and convince her to take her south – for Entler to take Zittle south – and meet with J.E.B. Stuart and try to arrange some sort of deal where(by) Andrew can get out of prison. So, at this time, Andrew is already at Fort McHenry. The girls meet here and they head south. Now, Entler was a – maybe we’d call spy today – but she was mostly concerned with delivering the mail between – once again this mail system between the army and the citizens. The girls get as far as Berryville. They’re taken into custody one morning at the Berryville hotel and sent to Winchester. Here they are going to meet – once again – General Milroy, who is in a big argument with a lot of women there. It’s over a cow. All of the sudden, the girls come in. He turns around and sees them and says: ”What do you want?” They tell him and he shouts out: “By God, I wouldn’t have any trouble here if it wasn’t for the women!” The women in Winchester. So, he listens to them, talks to them a while, then he will pack them off to Harper’s Ferry. At Harper’s Ferry, they are put under guard there, kind of loose guard – the Stipes Boarding House. They’ll stay probably close to six weeks there under sort of a house arrest. Mary Lou Entler will even meet her future husband Walter Herrington, who is a telegrapher for the Union Army at Harper’s Ferry. The girls are eventually sent to Baltimore and, while there, they will take the Oath of Loyalty to the Union, although the girls would say: “We really didn’t mean it. We dropped the Bible on the floor. So we didn’t swear to it on the Bible.” When, especially Miss Entler, gets back to Shepherdstown, she’s met right at this location as she comes across the ferry by hundreds of people and she’s a very gracious local hero for a long time afterward. (Back to Leopold).

He’s in the prison at the inner fort. He’s with a number of noted desperadoes, including William Boyd Compton (Belle Boyd’s cousin), who had been captured behind the Union lines in Fairmont, West Virginia. Captain Joel Baker, the guard, comments that most of the prisoners of the group – there’s about eight or nine in the guard room – most of the prisoners are cultured gentlemen, but not Leopold. Baker would write that Leopold is not trusted by the other prisoners. They think he would sell them out for just a few cents. Leopold is held in prison until mid-December, 1863, when he is put on trial by a military tribunal. He’s charged with a number of crimes, of being a guerrilla, murderer, violating an act of war, and being a spy. The tribunal is led by Col. W. W. Bates of the 8th New York heavy artillery. The Judge Advocate is Lieutenant Roderick Baldwin. Leopold will represent himself, but he will have the help of a local, Baltimore attorney, Milton Whitney Esq. who was well-known in Baltimore for many years. The trial opens up. A lot of local residents come from here to Fort McHenry to testify, including Daniel Rentch, Luther Entler, Samuel Jones, other men from Shepherdstown and also General Milroy will appear. The trial will go – on and off – for probably three, almost four, weeks. They break for Christmas a while; they break for different witnesses to arrive.

Finally, two charges are dropped, but he is still charged with being a guerilla and murderer, both capital offences. His defense rests on that he wasn’t a guerilla, that he was a Confederate soldier, especially dispatched into this area by J.E.B. Stuart. Also, he refused to admit that he had murdered Charles Entler. He said he didn’t have anything more to do with the murder of that young boy than any of the judges on the tribunal; and, he said the shooting of Cookus was just part of a local skirmish. So he denied being a guerilla; he denied being a murderer. In his summation, Lt. Baldwin, the Judge Advocate, would say: we owe something to the people of the border who have been hounded from their home, who have been murdered at their doorstep. We need to protect them. The verdict comes back. He is convicted of murder: the murder of Entler, the murder of Cookus – and he is convicted of being a guerrilla. Afterwards, the verdict and the results of the trial – goes up through the chain of command.

Finally, they reach that April, Judge Advocate Joseph Holt. Holt reviews all capital cases for Abraham Lincoln. In a four-page review, Holt will say this man has been convicted of these crimes and he deserves the death penalty. In late April, 1864, Abraham Lincoln will sign off on that. At that time, Leopold is taken from the guard room, shackled. He’s put in a cell, still in the inner fort, but not with the rest of the men on death row. During that month, there is a big escape from the guard room at Fort McHenry. William Boyd Compton leads the rest of the men in the escape and they all eventually get back to the Confederate lines. On the evening of April the 22nd, Leopold will be informed by his chaplain, Doctor Reese, that his execution will be the next morning. He will meet with Reese that evening for prayer and communion. During the winter, Leopold would become a committed Christian. He studied the Bible frequently. He had another small book that he would study. They had prayer. Reese left for a while.

About, five-thirty, he would return. Once again, they would talk of the afterlife. Then he (Leopold) would go out under guard, get on the wagon atop his coffin, and he would ride to the execution site right outside the walls. Captain Robert Baylor of Charlestown was also a prisoner at Fort McHenry at the time. He was out on the grounds of the fort and as he passed Baylor, Leopold would wave to Baylor and said: “Tell the boys I remain true to the cause.” As they neared the execution site, he could see the soldiers of the fort lined up on three sides of the gallows. The gallows there could have four executions at the time. (Federal) Major General Lew Wallace was there, later on the author of “Ben Hur.” He was the commander-in-chief of the Eighth Corps Middle Department, and Brig. General W. W. Morris, the sixty-six year old commander of Fort McHenry was also there. He was helped off the wagon. The reporter for “The Baltimore American” said that “Leopold went up the steps firm and undaunted.” Once atop the scaffold, he was asked for any last words and Leopold pointed to Gen. Morris and said: “Old man, you’re the reason I’m here. But I’ll forgive and I’ll meet you in Heaven.” After that, he stepped back. The hood was put on his neck by Private Elijah Brown, and then the rope put around his neck. Just afterwards, Morris gave the signal, and then – Leopold dropped into eternity. He would hang there for about twenty minutes before the soldiers took him down. There were friends there in Baltimore, some of Leopold’s friends.

They brought him back to Sharpsburg, where he was prepared for burial. A few days later, he was going to be brought to Shepherdstown to bury in the Soldier’s Cemetery. His plot will be right beside Redmond Burke, his old Captain. But he’s going to be brought across here by the undertaker, (with) of course his mother and sisters are with that group. They’re going to ride up this hill. At the Entler Hotel, there is a group of Unionists shouting at the undertaker to go back. Beforehand these same people had (gone) to the cemetery and warned the over four hundred mourners there to leave, but they ignored them. They go to the cemetery – once again – there’s a big crowd there. Lots of girls crying and so on. He is buried. Although maybe a year before, Leopold had been a hated person by most Confederates in this area because they heard that he was going to switch sides. By this time, he totally redeemed himself.

His conversion to Christianity, his bravery on the scaffold had turned him into a local hero. Later on, that same day, the Unionists would strike. They would come back and would steal the undertaker’s hearse and his horses and ride away with them. Whether he was really guilty of every crime that he was accused is questionable. He wasn’t a guerilla. He was a member of the regular Confederate Cavalry and there’s some question, on the murder of Entler that it might have O’Brien did the shooting.

Andrew Leopold’s Forlorn Hope (1, 2) – by Jim Surkamp With Author Steve French

5977 words

Leopold’s Forlorn Hope (1) by Steve French with Jim Surkamp
About a young man from Sharpsburg and Shepherdstown who war changed into an avenging angel of death but who, at the foot of the gallows, found God. TRT: 11:25 Video link: https://youtu.be/-iks5ANler0

Andrew Leopold: From Bull Run To God Pt. 2 TRT: 13:39 Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjeylgSv6iQ

  1. He Murders A Man Swimming for Safety;
  2. Leopold’s Avenging Hand Strikes At Shepherdstown Deserters;
  3. Captured Leopold Makes a Deal;

Andrew Leopold: From Bull Run To God Pt. 3 and Conclusion by Jim Surkamp Preview TRT: 3:16 Video links: https://youtu.be/2twPRDHEB0U TRT: 11:42 https://youtu.be/i4VDBfljt9g

  1. Leopold’s Trial: “We Don’t Believe You”
  2. On the Wings of A Prayer: He Flies
  3. His Body Brought Home Meets Uproar
  4. Leopold’s Bones Beside Burke’s

    With support from American Public University System (apus.edu). (The sentiments expressed do not in any way reflect modern-day policies of APUS, and are intended to encourage fact-based exchange for a better understanding of our nation’s foundational values.

    https://web.archive.org/web/20190710015230/https://civilwarscholars.com/2014/06/andrew-leopolds-forlorn-hope-2-by-jim-surkamp-with-author-steve-french/

    About a young man from Sharpsburg and Shepherdstown who war changed into an avenging angel of death but who, at the foot of the gallows, found God.

    Andrew Leopold: War-maker To Peacemaker With Steve French, Author “Rebel Chronicles,” contact: info-sfrench52@yahoo.com (Image of Andrew Leopold courtesy Horace Mewborn, Jr. co-author of the “43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry: Mosby’s Command” for the H.E. Howard Virginia Regimental Series for Blue and Gray Magazine).

    Flickr Set – 33 images https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimsurkamp/sets/72157644796538857/

    Leopold_2_MONTAGE


    Flickr Set: 28 Images https://web.archive.org/web/20220430214039/https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimsurkamp/sets/72157645257744785/

    Burke.Gang_.Stuart
    Redmond Burke by El Merlo at findagrave.com
    Guerrillas_MONTAGE_TITLE
    Leopold_Coverage_Area_TITLE

    Redmond Burke, Andrew Leopold, and Their Gang Descend on The River Towns:

    Leopold is ordered by General Stuart to join Redmond Burke on “detached service” and, with a small team, stays behind in the Potomac River area from Berryville to Shepherdstown while the main Confederate Army moves further south. His job is to find conscripts, carry mail between homes and soldiers, steal horses and watch the movements of the Federal army. Leopold in carrying mail, is also enabled to determine the names of, and whereabouts of able-bodied men not enlisted in his Confederate army, such as Jacob Hudson and Charles Entler.

    The Wayward Letter: (NOTE: correction in the montage, “D. S. Rentch” should be “D.L. Rentch”-JS)

    Parran_Cape_Stuart_Rentch_TITLE

    (One letter to be delivered that would cause much controversy was a “thank you” note to widow Lily Parran Lee in Shepherdstown. Gen. Stuart had been trying to order a new uniform while at The Bower. He had visited Mrs. Lee, a dear and trusted friend in Shepherdstown. Her husband, William Fitzhugh Lee, died at First Manassas/Bull Run wearing silver spurs Stuart had given him. It seems, according to the letter, that Daniel Rentch, a merchant in Shepherdstown, was commissioned and – did indeed have made – the famed cape that J.E.B. Stuart would wear in the war. It was delivered. In the letter Stuart tells Mrs. Lee to thank Mr. Rentch for the cape. Burke was carrying a letter between Stuart and Mrs. Lee, maybe this one).

    Wednesday – November 19, 1862, Dam No. 4 on the Potomac River – Leopold’s First Victim:

    Cookus_TITLE


    Fearing conscription, Unionist residents hastily relocated across the Potomac into the safety of Maryland. The large family of one Jim Dunn was making such a move across the river near the guard lock of Dam No. 4, wth some pickets from the 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry watching from the Maryland side. Burke’s and Leopold’s gang suddenly appeared and with gunfire broke up the moving, leaving most of Dunn’s family stuck still on the Virginia side. Dunn was stuck on the Maryland side. Dunn asked three local men – Theodore “Mort” Cookus, a farmer with land on the Virginia side, Charles Ridenour and William Colbert – ambling along on the towpath – to help get his family and cargo across the river. After over an hour, the four men re-crossed the Potomac to the Virginia side. Burke and Leopold and others attacked again:

    Author French Recounts Leopold’s Firing On “Mort” Cookus:

    Steve_French_named


    Suddenly Burke, Leopold, Hipsley and O’Brien appeared. Leopold shouted to Ridenour, “Halt you Yankee Son-of-a bitch!”. . . He (Ridenour) remembered Cookus crying out, “For God’s sake men, don’t shoot me!” Burke replied, “Surrender or we will surely kill you.” Then almost simultaneously, the captain and Leopold each fired once into the skiff. Cookus, now hit on the left side, jumped into the river. “After Cookus jumped out,” Ridenour later testified, “he swam twelve or fifteen feet and received three more shots. Every time the guns crack, he dodged his head under water. Capt. Burke says don’t kill him. Laypole says I will kill the son of a bitch.” And he did. Union Gen. George Gordon wrote: . . . a brave and plucky fellow named Cookus . . . plunged into the river and struck out vigorously for the Maryland shore. Two-thirds of the way across he was hit by a bullet and sank dead to the bottom of the river. – Gordon, p. 14.
    – See more . . .

    Cookus_Stone

    Author Steve French:

    Bummers


    They are taken to Fort McHenry. The soldiers who are captured – they’re released very soon afterwards, paroled. And by January the first, 1863, they’re all back with Stuart at his camp near Fredericksburg, Virginia. That winter, as soon as he is exchanged and the others are exchanged, they’re back in the service – dispatched service – operating once again in the Shepherdstown/Berryville area, carrying mail back and forth between the citizens and armies, scouting and so on.

    March 6, 1863 – Leopold – the Deserter’s Avenger in Shepherdstown:

    24_Leopold wrote his mother from Camp Ashby
    Jacob_Hudson_TITLE


    Author Steve French:
    On the night of March the 6th, he comes into Shepherdstown with John O’Brien, and he’s hunting for a man named Jacob Hudson. He finds Hudson caring for his uncle at his house at Shepherdstown. And he knocks on the door with O’Brien. Evidently he doesn’t know Hudson, but Hudson has been talking about him around town. When Hudson opens the door, Leopold asks for Hudson – “Is Hudson in the house?” – Hudson immediately becomes scared and he runs toward the back door and he is shot down. George Brantner, who was a former Confederate soldier, he’s seated right in that room, cannot tell whether it was Leopold or O’Brien who shot the young man, but he sure identifies him later on, because Leopold met Brantner at the door and (Leopold) told him he had mail for him. Leopold will come down the street that night. He will tell one resident (Federal postmaster Elias Baker on German Street-JS) here in the town that he did shoot a man up the street and then they will leave the mail here and head back for camp.

    Hudson_Shooting_TITLE

    March 15-16, 1863 – Leopold Avenges Again at the Bridgeport, MD Ferry:
    Author French:

    Sharpsburg_loc.gov_TITLE
    Leopold_Entler_TITLE_FINAL



    Ten days later, on the night of March 15th & 16th, Leopold and a group of men go to Sharpsburg, Maryland, and, in Sharpsburg that night they steal six horses from an oyster wagon, parked outside of a local tavern. After midnight on the 16th, they return to try to get across the river. They go to Bridgeport where the ferry is, directly behind me, and they knock on the door. They say they have a dispatch to take to Harper’s Ferry to (Federal) General Stevenson. The young man, Charles Entler and his friend Samuel Jones, that are in the office that night, sleeping in the office, refuse to answer the door. Finally, Leopold starts tearing the shutters off the windows and Charles decides to come out. Samuel Jones would later say he knew it was Leopold at the door, but he was too scared, too frightened to say a word. As Charles comes out the door, his brother, Luther, who is in the ferry house himself, walks outside; and, as soon as he gets outside, he hears a man shout at his brother:

    Andrew_Leopold_Horace_Mewborn_Jr
    Charles_E_Entler_TITLE



    “By God, I’m Captain Leopold and I’ve been looking for you a long time.” Immediately the gunshot goes off, Luther turns, makes haste into his house to get his revolver. His brother, Charles, nineteen-years-old, runs off and dies in the road,

    blue.dead.burke.2


    going up towards Ferry Hill. Leopold and his men escape. Now, they’re wanted men. The Middletown Valley Register over in Maryland, a few days later, comes out with a long article about Leopold and his band and at the end of it says: “Leopold deserves a hempen collar.” So he’s a wanted man, not only by the authorities in Maryland, but by Union soldiers, especially Major General Robert Milroy, the famous “Grey Eagle,” who was headquartered at that time in Winchester.

    April 21-22, 1863 south of Millwood, Va.- Leopold and his team are recaptured:

    French continues:
    Towards the end of April around April 21st, Union forces are sent out of Berryville and they go to Castleman’s Ferry. That night, they will capture Leopold, and, once again, some of the Burkes – Hipsley and some other men when they surround the house, and they threaten to burn it down, if the Confederates don’t come out.

    Leopold_Capture_TITLE_Revised


    Author French continues:
    They’re taken to Winchester and put in the Clarke County jail. While in that jail, one of Milroy’s citizen spies named Michael Graham from Woodstock, Virginia, talks to Leopold and find out what he wants. Leopold wants to either join the Union Army or be allowed to get out of jail and go to Ohio. In return he will tell Milroy who the scouts and spies are in the lower Shenandoah Valley. He will meet with Milroy, and Milroy will listen to all this, but Leopold plays his hand too fast, and tells Milroy what he needs to know beforehand.

    Robert_H_Milroy_Named


    Leopold (Laypole, Leopole) is brought before Federal Major General Robert Milroy at Winchester, VA and begins bargaining:

    Major-General SCHENCK, WINCHESTER, VA., April 25, 1863. Baltimore, Md.: Rebel [Andrew T.] Leopole, the last two days in irons, hoping for leniency, makes this statement:

    Residence, Sharpsburg, Md. Enlisted in Confederate service two years ago, as ensign First Regiment Virginia (rebel) Cavalry, and remained in that regiment until Stuart’s appointment as brigadier, about a month after the first battle of Manassas, when I became ensign of his brigade, which I continued to be until last May, when I was transferred to the Virginia Cavalry as third lieutenant. I continued in that regiment until after the battle of Sharpsburg, in September last, when I was promoted to first lieutenant of Company D, same regiment, in which regiment I served until November 24 last, when I was captured at Shepherdstown. I remained a prisoner until January 6 last, when I was exchanged, and reported, as ordered, to General Stuart, at his headquarters, where I remained until January 13, acting as his couriers. On January 14, as ordered by him, I left for Castlemans Ferry, in command of 70 men, where I remained until last Tuesday, when, with 6 of my men, I was captured. My business there was to observe the movements of Federal forces, . . .

    NOTE – At this point Leopold appears to be divulging intelligence on Confederate positions to Milroy in hope of leniency – JS:
    and report to General Fitzhugh Lee, who is now between Markham Station and Manassas Gap Railroad and the Shenandoah River, about 2 miles east of the Blue Ridge, with the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Tenth Virginia Cavalry and two batteries. Regiments average about 350 men each. The locality of these troops is about 16 miles from Castlemans Ferry and 10 miles from Berrys Ferry. General Trimble, with three infantry brigades, is near Orleans, in Fauquier County. Lee’s and Trimble’s forces moved at the same time from Culpeper Court-House to their present position, where they arrived about two days before my capture. There are two other brigades one from Louisiana and the other from Virginia encamped between Sperryville and Little Washington. They belong to Trimble’s division. With each brigade is a battery, and a battalion of artillery besides, attached to the division. The brigades, I think, will average 1,900 men each. The two brigades near Sperryville came that far with the other brigades, and halted there. I saw Geueral Stuart on the 17th of this month between Salem and Jefferson, and learned from him that A. P. Hill, with a portion of his command, had left for the Valley by way of Hanover Junction, Charlottesville, and Staunton. I saw Hill’s baggage at Culpeper, and learned from the master of transportation that it was en route from Staunton. I heard General Stuart say that the Federal forces at Winchester would be captured as soon as the Shenandoah River became passable. I also learned from his general order book that Jones had been ordered to march to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and destroy certain trestle-work on that road. I am tired of fighting, and wish to take the oath of allegiance and retire into Ohio. I have always stood high with General Stuart, enjoyed his confidence, and, when at his headquarters, ate at his table.

    Milroy concludes in this report:
    The above statement is strongly corroborated by other circumstances and information. I recommend that Heintzelman be directed to ascertain the truth of the above statement, so far as it refers to Fitzhugh Lees and Trimbles forces and their locality. R. H. MILROY, Major-General. – Letter to Maj. General Robert C. Schenck from Maj. General R. H. Milroy. pp. 252-253.

    Author French recaps:
    They’re taken to Winchester and put in the Clarke County jail. While in that jail, one of Milroy’s citizen spies named Michael Graham from Woodstock, Virginia, talks to Leopold and finds out what he wants. Leopold wants to either join the Union Army or be allowed to get out of jail and go to Ohio. In return he will tell Milroy who the scouts and spies are in the lower Shenandoah Valley. He will meet with Milroy, and Milroy will listen to all this, but Leopold plays his hand too fast, and tells Milroy what he needs to know beforehand. So Milroy won’t agree to give him his freedom or allow him to switch sides and join the Union Army, but he will pack him to the prison at Fort McHenry.

    Fort McHenry, MD – Leopold is not trusted, is tried after much delay and hanged:

    French continues:

    So Milroy won’t agree to give him his freedom or allow him to switch sides and join the Union Army, but he will pack him to the prison at Fort McHenry.

    Joel_B_Baker_Named


    Captain Joel Baker, the guard, comments that most of the prisoners of the group – there’s about eight or nine in the guard room – most of the prisoners are cultured gentlemen, but not Leopold. Baker would write that Leopold is not trusted by the other prisoners. They think he would sell them out for just a few cents.

    Leopold is held in prison until mid-December, 1863, when he is put on trial by a military tribunal. He’s charged with a number of crimes, of being a guerrilla, murderer, violating an act of war, and being a spy. The tribunal is led by Col. W. W. Bates of the 8th New York heavy artillery. The Judge Advocate is Lieutenant Roderick Baldwin. Leopold will represent himself, but he will have the help of a local, Baltimore attorney, Milton Whitney Esq. who was well-known in Baltimore for many years.

    Milton_Whitney_Named


    Author French continues:
    The trial opens up. A lot of local residents come from here to Fort McHenry to testify, including Daniel Rentch, Luther Entler, Samuel Jones, other men from Shepherdstown and also General Milroy will appear. The trial will go – on and off – for probably three, almost four, weeks. They break for Christmas a while; they break for different witnesses to arrive. Finally, two charges are dropped, but he is still charged with being a guerrilla and murderer, both capital offences.

    Lapole_12_Va_Co_D


    His defense rests on that he wasn’t a guerilla, that he was a Confederate soldier, especially dispatched into this area by J.E.B. Stuart. Also, he refused to admit that he had murdered Charles Entler. He said he didn’t have anything more to do with the murder of that young boy than any of the judges on the tribunal; and, he said the shooting of Cookus was just part of a local skirmish. So he denied being a guerrilla; he denied being a murderer.

    In his summation, Lt. Baldwin, the Judge Advocate, would say: we owe something to the people of the border who have been hounded from their home, who have been murdered at their doorstep. We need to protect them.

    The verdict comes back. He is convicted of murder: the murder of Entler, the murder of Cookus – and he is convicted of being a guerilla. Afterwards, the verdict and the results of the trial – goes up through the chain of command. Finally, they reach that April, Judge Advocate Joseph Holt. Holt reviews all capital cases for Abraham Lincoln. In a four-page review, Holt will say this man has been convicted of these crimes and he deserves the death penalty. In late April, 1864, Abraham Lincoln will sign off on that.

    French continues:
    At that time, Leopold is taken from the guard room, shackled. He’s put in a cell, still in the inner fort, but not with the rest of the men on death row. During that month, there is a big escape from the guard room at Fort McHenry. William Boyd Compton leads the rest of the men in the escape and they all eventually get back to the Confederate lines.

    On the evening of April the 22nd, Leopold will be informed by his chaplain, Doctor Reese, that his execution will be the next morning. He will meet with Reese that evening for prayer and communion. During the winter, Leopold would become a committed Christian. He studied the Bible frequently. He had another small book that he would study. They had prayer. Reese left for a while.

    images1


    About, five-thirty (AM), he would return. Once again, they would talk of the afterlife. Then he (Leopold) would go out under guard, get on the wagon atop his coffin, and he would ride to the execution site right outside the walls.

    Robert_W_Baylor


    Captain Robert Baylor of Charlestown was also a prisoner at Fort McHenry at the time. He was out on the grounds of the fort and as he passed Baylor, Leopold would wave to Baylor and said: “Tell the boys I remain true to the cause.” As they neared the execution site, he could see the soldiers of the fort lined up on three sides of the gallows. The gallows there could have four executions at the time.

    Lew_Wallace_Laypole_executed


    (Federal) Major General Lew Wallace was there, later on the author of “Ben Hur.” He was the commander-in-chief of the Eighth Corps Middle Department, and Brig. General W. W. Morris, the sixty-six year old commander of Fort McHenry was also there.

    W_W_Morris_Named
    Wirz_hanging_4_enhanced



    He was helped off the wagon. The reporter for “The Baltimore American” said that “Leopold went up the steps firm and undaunted.” Once atop the scaffold, he was asked for any last words and Leopold pointed to Gen. Morris and said: “Old man, you’re the reason I’m here. But I’ll forgive and I’ll meet you in Heaven.” After that, he stepped back. The hood was put on his neck by Private Elijah Brown, and then the rope put around his neck.

    Wirz_hanging_6_enhanced


    Just afterwards, Morris gave the signal, and then – Leopold dropped into eternity. He would hang there for about twenty minutes before the soldiers took him down. There were friends there in Baltimore, some of Leopold’s friends. They brought him back to Sharpsburg, where he was prepared for burial. A few days later, he was going to be brought to Shepherdstown to bury in the Soldier’s Cemetery. His plot will be right beside Redmond Burke, his old Captain. But he’s going to be brought across here by the undertaker, (with) of course his mother and sisters are with that group.

    Ravine-1024x576


    They’re going to ride up this hill. At the Entler Hotel, there is a group of Unionists shouting at the undertaker to go back. Beforehand these same people had (gone) to the cemetery and warned the over four hundred mourners there to leave, but they ignored them. They go to the cemetery – once again – there’s a big crowd there. Lots of girls crying and so on. He is buried.

    French continues:
    Although maybe a year before, Leopold had been a hated person by most Confederates in this area because they heard that he was going to switch sides. By this time, he totally redeemed himself. His conversion to Christianity, his bravery on the scaffold had turned him into a local hero. Later on, that same day, the Unionists would strike. They would come back and would steal the undertaker’s hearse and his horses and ride away with them. Whether he was really guilty of every crime that he was accused is questionable. He wasn’t a guerilla. He was a member of the regular Confederate Cavalry and there’s some question, on the murder of Entler that it might have O’Brien did the shooting.

    DHS.Harpers.Sept.72.women.weary.p.512


    Mary Louise Entler who lived her life from rebel wild cat to 92-year old wise woman in Shepherdstown at the time she died there March 27, 1932 who carried mail with Leopold and tried to save him, wrote: “His fault was recklessness. He did not stop to consider what might be his fate if caught in the Union lines, and he had run the gauntlet so often without being caught that he became heedless of danger.”

    Leopold_Stone

    References:

    French, Steve. (2012). “Rebel Chronicles: Raiders, Scouts and Train Robbers of the Upper Potomac.” New Horizons Publishing Company. Print. info-sfrench52@yahoo.com

    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.” Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnson Publishing. Print.

    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.” Internet Archives: pp. 133-134 https://archive.org/stream/bullruntobullru00baylgoog#page/n137/mode/2up

    Beach, William H. (1902). “The First New York (Lincoln) Cavalry From April 19, 1861 to July 7, 1865.” New York, NY: The New York Cavalry Association. Print.

    Beach, William H. (1902). “The First New York (Lincoln) Cavalry From April 19, 1861 to July 7, 1865.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 1 March 2011. https://archive.org/stream/firstnewyorklin00beac#page/218/mode/2up

    On the afternoon of April 21, a scouting party went out with Captain Bailey in command. There were forty men detailed from several companies. Lieutenant Wyckoff was in the lead. The route was toward Millwood ferry; then around toward the right; then the party followed the narrow roads until it became dark and they were near to the river again. Here was a brief halt and the men were told to eat anything they had. As they had not expected to be out long and had not brought anything with them, this part of the service was omitted. After a short rest they moved on up the river road, being told to make as little noise as possible. A short ride and another halt. Wyckoff came to the front and asked for a volunteer to cross the river with him in a small row boat. Corporal Anthony Fiala of Company E responded. The night was very dark. The two went down to the boat. The lieutenant told Fiala to go into the front of the boat and lie down with his carbine ready to fire at a moment’s notice, he himself taking the oars. Nearing the opposite side, Fiala was told to catch hold of a limb of a tree that hung over the water. Wyckoff asked in a low voice: ”Are you there, Sam?” And Sam answered : “Yes, master, I’m here. Everything is all right, and I want to see you.” A few minutes’ low talk and the boat recrossed the river. The men mounted their horses, and dividing into two parties, forded the river and crossed the Blue Ridge. Precaution had been taken to avoid any surprise in case the colored man proved unreliable, or his scheme was discovered by the enemy. Artillery and infantry were to protect the crossing. The two parties, making a detour, surrounded the house to which they had been directed by the colored man. They wrapped at the door. There was some commotion within. The inmates were directed to open the door, and warned that the house would be burned if any shots were fired. The notorious Captain Leopold and seven of his partisan rangers who were staying there for the night, were taken captives. – pp. 218-219.

    References to Samuel Barnhart and Elias Baker
    Kenamond, A. D. “Prominent Men of Shepherdstown 1862-1962.” A Jefferson County Historical Society Publication. 1963.

    Title: The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 1 – Volume 25 (Part II); Author: United States. War Dept., John Sheldon Moody, Calvin Duvall Cowles, Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, Robert N. Scott, Henry Martyn Lazelle, George Breckenridge Davis, Leslie J. Perry, Joseph William Kirkley. pp. 252-253 (SEE REFERENCES)

    Major-General SCHENCK, WINCHESTER, VA., April 25, 1863. Baltimore, Md.: Rebel [Andrew T.] Leopole, the last two days in irons, hoping for leniency, makes this statement:

    Residence, Sharpsburg, Md. Enlisted in Confederate service two years ago, as ensign First Regiment Virginia (rebel) Cavalry, and remained in that regiment until Stuart’s appointment as brigadier, about a month after the first battle of Manassas, when I became ensign of his brigade, which I continued to be until last May, when I was transferred to the Virginia Cavalry as third lieutenant. I continued in that regiment until after the battle of Sharpsburg, in September last, when I was promoted to first lieutenant of Company D, same regiment, in which regiment I served until November 24 last, when I was captured at Shepherdstown. I remained a prisoner until January 6 last, when I was exchanged, and reported, as ordered, to General Stuart, at his headquarters, where I remained until January 13, acting as his couriers. On January 14, as ordered by him, I left for Castleman’s Ferry, in command of 70 men, where I remained until last Tuesday, when, with 6 of my men, I was captured. My business there was to observe the movements of Federal forces, . . .

    NOTE: At this point Leopold appears to be divulging intelligence on Confederate positions to Milroy in hope of leniency – JS:
    and report to General Fitzhugh Lee, who is now between Markham Station and Manassas Gap Railroad and the Shenandoah River, about 2 miles east of the Blue Ridge, with the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Tenth Virginia Cavalry and two batteries. Regiments average about 350 men each. The locality of these troops is about 16 miles from Castlemans Ferry and 10 miles from Berrys Ferry. General Trimble, with three infantry brigades, is near Orleans, in Fauquier County. Lee’s and Trimble’s forces moved at the same time from Culpeper Court-House to their present position, where they arrived about two days before my capture. There are two other brigades one from Louisiana and the other from Virginia encamped between Sperryville and Little Washington. They belong to Trimble’s division. With each brigade is a battery, and a battalion of artillery besides, attached to the division. The brigades, I think, will average 1,900 men each. The two brigades near Sperryville came that far with the other brigades, and halted there. I saw General Stuart on the 17th of this month between Salem and Jefferson, and learned from him that A. P. Hill, with a portion of his command, had left for the Valley by way of Hanover Junction, Charlottesville, and Staunton. I saw Hill’s baggage at Culpeper, and learned from the master of transportation that it was en route from Staunton. I heard General Stuart say that the Federal forces at Winchester would be captured as soon as the Shenandoah River became passable. I also learned from his general order book that Jones had been ordered to march to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and destroy certain trestle-work on that road. I am tired of fighting, and wish to take the oath of allegiance and retire into Ohio. I have always stood high with General Stuart, enjoyed his confidence, and, when at his headquarters, ate at his table.

    Milroy concludes in this report:
    The above statement is strongly corroborated by other circumstances and information. I recommend that Heintzelman be directed to ascertain the truth of the above statement, so far as it refers to Fitzhugh Lees and Trimbles forces and their locality. H. H. MILROY, Major-General. – Letter to Maj. General Robert C. Schenck from Maj. General R. H. Milroy

    List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Image Credits:

    Jacob Hudson born 1842 – apprentice carpenter in Walters (carpenter) household in Hainesville
    NARA M653. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860 population schedules.
    Roll: 1335
    State: Virginia
    County: Berkeley
    Minor Civil Division: [Blank]
    Page: 60.
    footnote.com(fold3.com) 21 October 2010 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Samuel Hudson (carpenter) In SamuelBarnhat’s residence, next to Anne Warner, (age 16) house on Princess Street, north, and Jacob Crow house, Charles Lambert a butcher
    NARA M653. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860 population schedules.
    Roll: 1355
    State: Virginia
    County: Jefferson
    Minor Civil Division: Shepherdstown
    Page: 100.
    footnote.com(fold3.com) 21 October 2010 Web. 20 May 2014.

    [Map of the northern part of Virginia and West Virginia, between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Front, south of the Potomac River and north of New Market]. by Jedediah Hotchkiss.
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.
    tiff size map.

    Foraging Party
    Harpers Weekly April 1, 1865
    sonofthesouth.net start date unavailable Web. 20 June 2014.

    Bummers (Foragers) by Edwin Forbes – The Library of Congress [between 1862 and 1864] | 1 drawing. | Forbes, Edwin, 1839-1895 DRWG/US – Forbes, no. 257 (A size) [P&P] | LC-DIG-ppmsca-21787 (digital file from original item) –
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.
    See more . . .

    Shepherdstown, Va. 1862
    This photograph was taken looking across the Potomac River at Shepherdstown, West Virginia from Ferry Hill plantation on the Maryland side. At various times before and after the Battle of Antietam both Confederate and Union troops had camped at Ferry Hill, which is situated three miles southwest of the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland.

    At the bottom of the hill is a group of buildings known as Bridgeport and Lock 38 of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Across the river (background) is the town of Shepherdstown. Extending across the river are the abutments of the bridge that once connected the two states. Burned in 1861, the bridge was not replaced for 10 years, during which time once again a ferry served the crossing. The gentleman standing on the hillside (foreground) is not identified, but may be the Reverend Robert Douglas, owner of Ferry Hill plantation at the time of the Civil War.

    Ferry Hill was built by John Blackford c. 1813 and was a working farm until the 20th century. The large white house was used as a hotel, while down at the lock there was a feed store that was later converted into a bath house before it was destroyed in the 1936 flood. ID: wcco006; Creator: Bachrach, David
    Original at the Library of Congress.
    Notes: The image and description were provided by Maryland Digital Cultural Heritage
    whilbr.org 4 October 2003 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Jedediah Hotchkiss map [Northwest, or no. 1 sheet of preliminary map of Antietam (Sharpsburg) battlefield].
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Title: [Sharpsburg, Md. Principal street]
    Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer
    Date Created/Published: 1862 September.
    Medium: 1 negative : glass, stereograph, wet collodion ; 4 x 10 in.
    Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, Battle of Antietam, September-October 1862.
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Map of the battle-fields of Harper’s Ferry and Sharpsburg
    Title Map of the battle-fields of Harper’s Ferry and Sharpsburg
    Creator Brown, S. Howell
    Publication Info Washington : Government Printing Office http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/tx-wotr/id/1455/rec/1

    Sharpsburg Map – District No. 1 – 1877. http://www.whilbr.org/itemdetail.aspx?idEntry=3497&dtPointer=14

    Milton Whitney
    wiki.whitneygen.org 29 May 2007 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Title: [Washington, D.C. Adjusting the rope for the execution of Wirz]
    Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer
    Date Created/Published: [1865 November 10] http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/cwp2003001032/PP/

    Robert_H._Milroy
    Library of Congress description: “Gen. Milroy”
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Two women (semblance of Mary Entler)
    Crayon, Porte (Strother, D. H.). “The Mountains, Pt. V.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, Volume 45, Issue: 268, September 1872, pp. 502-516. Print.

    Crayon, Porte. (September 1872). “The Mountains, Pt. V.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. p. 512 (SEE REFERENCES)

    Not used:

    The ferry that operated between Shepherdstown and Bridgeport was first built and owned by Thomas Swearingen sometime before 1765. John Blackford married Thomas Swearingen’s daughter Sarah and purchased the ferry along with land around Bridgeport from the Swearingen family. The ferry was reinstated in the 1930s after the third toll bridge was destroyed by the 1936 flood and was in operation until the new James Rumsey Bridge was erected in 1939, which itself was replaced in 2004.

    This photo appears to be from the time between the razing of the first toll bridge during the Civil War and the construction of the second toll bridge in 1871.
    whilbr.org 4 October 2003 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Not used:

    Lt. Col. Willard W. Bates
    8th Heavy Artillery – Civil War
    dmna.ny.gov 30 January 2012 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Not used:

    Lock 38 Area
    This photograph provides an excellent view of the downstream end of a bypass flume that carried water past the lock. To keep the current as minimal as possible, canals are built on a series of levels with locks serving to raise and lower boats where the canal level is changed. However, it is still necessary to maintain a steady supply of water to all parts of the canal and the bypass flumes serve this purpose. Typically located on the berm side (i.e. land vs. river side) of most locks, the flumes carried water past the lock, helping to maintain the water level even if one of the lock gates was closed. While some bypass flumes had sluice gates to facilitate the regulation of water flowing through the flumes, others had slots into which locktenders could place beams to completely or partially close them off.
    whilbr.org 4 October 2003 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Not used:

    George W. Brantner 2nd Va. Infantry Co. B
    NARA M324. Compiled service records of Confederate soldiers from Virginia units, labeled with each soldier’s name, rank, and unit, with links to revealing documents about each soldier. Roll: 0373; Military Unit: Second Infantry; Given Name: George W. Surname: Brantner; Age: 34; Year: 1861;
    footnote.com(fold3.com) 21 October 2010 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Not used:

    Sharpsburg, Md. View with Episcopal church in distance
    About This Item Obtaining Copies Access to Original
    Title: [Sharpsburg, Md. View with Episcopal church in distance]
    Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer
    Date Created/Published: 1862 September.
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Not used:

    Map of the state of Virginia containing the counties, principal towns, railroads, rivers, canals & all other internal improvements. Other Title: New map of Virginia, 1864
    Contributor Names; West & Johnston; Created / Published
    Richmond, Va. : West & Johnston, c1862, [1864]
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Reference Credits from the Leopold VIDEOs No. 2 & 3 not cited in image credits for this POST:

    Goodhart, Briscoe. (1896).“History of the Independent Loudoun Virginia rangers. U.S. vol. cav. (scouts) 1862-65.” Washington, D.C.: Press of McGill & Wallace. Print.

    Goodhart, Briscoe. (1896). “History of the Independent Loudoun Virginia rangers. U.S. vol. cav. (scouts) 1862-65.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 1 March 2011.

    Stevenson, James H. (1879). “”Boots and saddles.” A history of the first volunteer cavalry of the war, known as the First New York (Lincoln) Cavalry, and also as the Sabre regiment. Its organization, campaigns and battles.” Harrisburg, PA: Patriot publishing company. Print.

    Stevenson, James H. (1879). “”Boots and saddles.” A history of the first volunteer cavalry of the war, known as the First New York (Lincoln) Cavalry, and also as the Sabre regiment. Its organization, campaigns and battles.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 1 March 2011.
    pp. 165-166.

    p. 84. – April 22, Capt. Means, with twenty of the Rangers, accompanied by Lieut. Wykoff, ist New York Cavalry, and Lieut. Powell, with forty men of the 12th West Virginia Infantry, crossed the Shenandoah River at Snicker’s Ferry, and attacked a camp of Confederate cavalry, capturing Capt. Leopold and six men, and took them to Winchester.

    p. 225. – Samuel C. Means mustered in at Harpers Ferry June 20, 1862, resigned on account of wounds.

    Hotchkiss no. 43 – (1864) [Map of Loudoun County and part of Clarke County, Va., Jefferson County and part of Berkeley County, W. Va., and parts of Montgomery and Frederick counties, Md.]. memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    [Hawkins Zouaves; New York; General Dix; Colonel Hawkins; Herald]
    Date: Thursday, May 7, 1863. Paper: Alexandria Gazette (Alexandria, VA) Page: 2.
    This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004.
    genealogybank.com. 11 October 2008 Web. 20 September 2014.

    Date: Monday, December 1, 1862. Paper: Evening Star (Washington (DC), DC) Page: 2. genealogybank.com.
    This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004.
    genealogybank.com. 11 October 2008 Web. 20 September 2014.

    Date: Thursday, May 26, 1864. Paper: Lowell Daily Citizen and News (Lowell, MA) Volume: XIV Issue: 2475 Page: 2
    This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004.
    genealogybank.com. 11 October 2008 Web. 20 September 2014.

    Date: Saturday, May 28, 1864. Paper: New York Tribune (New York, NY) Volume: XXIV Issue: 7222 Page: 4
    This entire product and/or portions thereof are copyrighted by NewsBank and/or the American Antiquarian Society. 2004.
    genealogybank.com. 11 October 2008 Web. 20 September 2014.

    Image Credits from the VIDEO not cited in image credits for this POST:

    Brig. Gen.John Dunlap Stevenson
    americancivilwar.com 21 January 1998 Web. 20 September 2014.

    Strother, David Hunter; 1847 (W1995.030.387pg25a)
    West Virginia Historical Art Collection
    images.lib.wvu.edu 6 August 2004 Web. 20 September 2014.

    Image Credits from Leopold VIDEO 3:

    Judge_Joseph_Holt
    Mathew Brady (1822–1896) Link back to Creator infobox template wikidata:Q187850
    Brady National Photographic Art Gallery (Washington, D.C.) (1858 – ?), Photographer (NARA record: 1135962)
    Record creator War Department. Office of the Chief Signal Officer. (08/01/1866 – 09/18/1947)
    Date ca. 1860 – ca. 1865.

    John Brown Riding on His Coffin to the Place of Execution. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, December 17, 1859.
    Periodicals Collection, West Virginia State Archives
    wvculture.org 2 March 2000 Web. 1 Oct. 2011.

    The Hanging of Hazlett and Stevens.
    Boyd B. Stutler Collection, West Virginia State Archives
    wvculture.org 2 March 2000 Web. 1 Oct. 2011.

    [Fredericksburg, Va. Burial of Union soldiers]
    Date Created/Published: 1864 May [19 or 20].
    Medium: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion.
    Summary: Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, Grant’s Wilderness Campaign, May-June 1864. memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Map of the city and county of Baltimore, Maryland. From actual surveys by Robert Taylor. Lith by Hunckel & Son. Taylor, Robert (Surveyor). CREATED/PUBLISHED
    Baltimore, c1857.
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    A Typical Court-Martial
    9thbattalion.org 21 June 2011 Web. 20 September, 2014.

    Title: [Washington, D.C. Reading the death warrant to Wirz on the scaffold]
    Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer
    Date Created/Published: [1865 November 10]
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Title: [Washington, D.C. Hooded body of Captain Wirz hanging from the scaffold]
    Creator(s): Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer
    Date Created/Published: [1865 November 10]. memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Chaplain in the Woods
    Miller, Francis Trevelyan. (1912). “The photographic history of the civil war in ten volumes.” Vol. 7. New York, NY: The Review of Reviews Co. Print.

    Miller, Francis Trevelyan. (1912). “The photographic history of the civil war in ten volumes.” Vol. 7. Perseus Digital Library at Tufts University. 10 May 2008. Web. 16 Feb. 2011.
    More. .

    The Song of Mary Entler Herrington by Jim Surkamp.

    8275 words

    TRT: 9:24 Video link: (Part 1): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHpY5t6uCPc

    TRT: 15:28 Video link: (Part 2) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoCabOYe9fU&feature=youtu.be

    Images in Flickr: 27 https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimsurkamp/14385156139/in/photostream/

    With support from American Public University System (apus.edu). (The sentiments expressed do not in any way reflect modern-day policies of APUS, and are intended to encourage fact-based exchange for a better understanding of our nation’s foundational values.

    https://web.archive.org/web/20190710014458/https://civilwarscholars.com/2014/07/the-song-of-mary-entler-herrington-by-jim-surkamp/

    The Song of Mary Louise Entler Herrington (1840-1932)

    CHAPTERETTES
    Prelude
    Flag Dangerous:
    Carry the Secret Mail:
    The Sad Fate of the Great Western:
    A Wartime Shepherdstown Each Day:
    A Sidetracked Mission:
    “Fraternizing” With the Enemy:
    Peacetime – Eternal Tide of Memories:
    The Eyes of Age:

    About the end of the heydays of a great inn; about the innkeeper’s feisty, adventurous – amorous – young daughter during the Civil War who lived to tell about it and see her family’s inn perish.

    PRELUDE:

    Great_Western_Entelr


    The 1850s in Shepherdstown: Good Times for Joseph and Mary Entler

    The Great_Western_Hotel_Map_1852


    The Entlers boarded travelers and stabled their teams by the score in their Great Western Inn on Shepherdstown’s German Street.

    As Mary Louise Entler Herrington (hereafter “MLH”) told it:
    After my father bought it in 1809, he hung a large sign swung across the pavement at the east corner of the house. A heavy post at the curb supported one side and the other side was fastened to the house. In the middle of the sign in large letters that were plainly visible for squares up and down the street was the word, “INN”, and just below that, ‘JOS. ENTLER”.

    Inn_Jos_Entler_TITLE_FINAL


    For many years it was a welcome abode to the weary traveler, for then all traveling was by wagon and carriage from Ohio and Kentucky to Baltimore and Washington, where their produce was sold and groceries and other commodities were taken back. All these white-covered wagons were placed in the large grounds and the weary horses were comfortably bedded down and fed in the large stone stables by good trusty colored men.

    The house was a quaint, 52-foot-long weatherboard house with massive stone steps to both front doors and stone trimmings and steps to the front cellars and long massive stone stiles or (carriage stepping stones).

    The dining room was 34-feet-long. The ice house was under the dining room and was filled every winter with twenty-five, four-horse wagon loads of ice, which lasted until fall. The ice was from the Potomac River.

    cook


    The large fireplace was in the kitchen that also had the cranes and pothooks and hangers.

    Seventeen rooms were in the house and many also had large old-fashioned fireplaces and were finished with high-paneled mantelpieces.

    In the 1850s children remembered the fancy carriages, with many horses pulling, making the smart, sharp turn from the main street to the lane leading to the rear stables.

    DHS.August.1855.horse.eating.p.293


    All circuses stopped at this inn and pitched their tents in the large lot arranging the cages of wild animals around the circle inside and all other wagons outside the tent.

    Joseph Entler moved his family to Wingert (Wingerd Cottage) in 1858 and leased out the Great Western. Then that all ended – and, so did the Great Western.

    FLAG DANGEROUS:

    Flag_Dangerous_TITLE


    Twenty-one-year-old Mary Louise Entler – in an act of defiance – and several friends sat in chairs in the big hall of Wingerd Cottage sewing . . and sewing – ripping stars from an American flag mailed to them from New Orleans, that once waved from a ship of Rezin Davis Shepherd’s, as he perhaps thought such a flag might be more trouble to have in New Orleans, as the new war boiled over and Louisiana seceded from the Union in early 1861.

    Mary Licklider, a niece, recalled how Mary Entler Herrington retold her past before dying in 1932:

    dhs.mts6_.p803.majorspartner


    A U.S. flag, probably made of wool bunting fabric was given to four or five young girls (young girls at the time), by Mr.

    33_my dear, old, and devoted friend, Rezin Davis Shepherd copy


    Rezin Shepherd who lived in New Orleans. In the summer he lived at Wild Goose Farm. The flag was one from one of his vessels. It was sent to us by Mr. James Shepherd and was to be converted into a Confederate flag, a work that was dangerous at the time, being in disputed territory. We could work only when our men were in the lines and had to be very cautious then.

    Wingerd_Cottage


    My father Joseph Entler owned and lived at Wingert (Wingerd Cottage) during the war and there the flag was made. The location off from town and the large wide hall were ideal places for the work, which took many anxious weeks to complete.

    Women_sewing


    It was very tedious to rip every seam of the stripes in such a way as not to ravel the bunting.

    Flag_Change_Fewer_Stars


    Every star was ripped from the blue field, and then to sew all the red together and all the white to form the bars red, white, and red.

    Flag_ADD_Red_stripes_1
    Flag_ADD_red_stripes_2
    Flag_ADD_red_stripes_FINAL

    Of course we had a surplus of stars as the Confederacy was young.

    After many weeks of work, the flag was finished and a beautiful Confederate flag was ready to be sent through the line to Company B. It was hidden away awaiting a safe transfer. (Mary’s brother – Cato Moore Entler – was with Company B of the 2nd Virginia Infantry).

    MLH recalled an investigation in the fall of 1861:
    I heard the tramp of cavalry and clank of swords and sabers. I looked out the window and saw the cottage was surrounded by “Yankee” cavalry.

    horses.behind.B&L.1.p600


    Oh, the flag, what was to be done with it? I heard the officer read orders to my father to search his premises thoroughly for contraband goods. My father seemed to be protesting against the search. But that gave me a little time to take the flag from its hiding place in a chest. The house was surrounded. I could not get out to hide it.

    page-from-past-image


    I pulled a dress from the wall and put the flag in it and threw the dress carelessly across the back of a chair. Skirts were very wide with deep facings upon them. I put the little flags that we wore on our dresses and letters under the carpet.

    My door was pushed open by Capt. Horner of Col. Coles’ Cavalry and the search began. Every bureau drawer and closet was searched, even the grandfather clock where reposed letters to go through the lines. But they were too deep in the bottom of the old clock to be detected. Everything was handled but the blue-striped dress hovering over its precious treasure. It was too insignificant to attract their notice and they gave up the search, but rather in a bad humor. The flag was safe and sent to Company B. That flag would be readily recognized by its many seams and its homemade marks. Now what became of that flag is a mystery.

    Due to confusion created by units carrying different flags after 1st Manassas, the 30th of October 1861 saw Governor Letcher present every Virginia regiment with a bunting flag. Another private group in Charles Town had had a regimental flag made for the 2nd Virginia infantry regiment that the unit reportedly carried into battle at First Manassas/Bull Run, but was smuggled back to the Rutherfords in Charles Town.

    CARRY THE SECRET MAIL:

    Carry_Secret_Mail_TITLE


    March, 1862

    Smuggles_Mail_Mary_TITLE


    MLH recalled:
    We collected all letters and concealed them by carefully sewing them between the ruching and dress. It required neatness and patience to make the work look innocent of anything contraband. We started on our march one bright beautiful morning but the roads being soft and muddy and we being not yet accustomed to marching could not get over much ground as rapidly as Stonewall Jackson’s men. The first night was spent at the home of Mr. Foley where another mail was collected. Another bright morning blessed our errand and when the purple shades of evening were gathering in the west we entered Charles Town as leisurely and passed the Union soldiers as indifferently as though we were out for an evening stroll. What a triumph it would have been for them to have secured that mail; how they would have gloated over every sacred sentence in those letters. My heart thrilled with fear at the thought although apparently so indifferent to their presence.

    THE SAD FATE OF THE GREAT WESTERN HOTEL:

    The_Fall_Great_Western_TITLE


    December 26, 1862: The 12th Pennsylvania cavalry – The Bull Run Racers – crossed over the river ford into town and the (Federal-sympathcizing) refugees all came back from Maryland with a fire in their eyes and revenge for Mort Cookus’ blood (who was shot and killed by Andrew Leopold near Dam No. 4 on November 19th. (The refugees) declared that every Southern man’s house should be burned down. – Gallaher in “The Shepherdstown Register.”

    MLH:
    The property was a hotel (in market for rent at the time). It was taken possession of and occupied by a Pennsylvania Cavalry Company. The extensive grounds in which were apple trees and vegetables were trampled and all the fencing destroyed.

    WARTIME SHEPHERDSTOWN EACH DAY:

    Wartime_Each_Day_TITLE

    MLH recalled:
    1863 still finds our town disputed territory and a veritable “deserted village” – old men, women, and children with a very few Union men . . . In time of war when both armies have fallen back, a town presents a most desolate and forlorn appearance-the old people, women and children have no definite plans. They stand about in groups writing and talking of the latest battle or the expected skirmishes. Their homes are places to retire from inclement weather rather than to adorn – the table to satisfy hunger rather than the delightful board where sweet companionship mingled with health-giving food.

    No systematic housekeeping, no aim, no object in performing any household duties. All energy was concentrated in doing for the soldiers. “When our boys come home we will do thus and so” was the oft repeated phrase. Sometimes at the dead of night the report of a pistol shot would warn us that the rebels were in town. But when daylight came we saw only the blue coats patrolling the streets, and they would leave as mysteriously as the rebels.

    THE SIDETRACKED MISSION:

    DHS.horse.buggy.WVU_cropped
    William_Frith_dolly_varden


    May – 1863 – Mary Entler’s Dangerous Mission Gets Sidetracked

    Andrew_Leopold_Horace_Mewborn_Jr


    NOTE Raider Andrew Leopold, whose sister, Sally Zittle, was a friend of Mary Entler, had been captured in late April, 1863 near Berryville and taken to a jail, awaiting trial for murder and other crimes.- JS

    MLH:
    A beautiful May morning, balmy air waiting the perfume of flowers over the country submerged in war. Sparkling dew drops resting in the bosom of such blossoms like tiny tear drops-weeping for the sad hearts made sad by war. God sends beautiful days in war as well as peace- we must remember that.

    A young prepossessing girl introduced herself to me on this May morning as a sister of Andrew Leopold. She told me her brother had been captured by the Yankees and was confined in Fort McHenry, MD, and that the entreaties of her widowed mother had induced her to try to get through the Federal lines to have an interview with (Confederate) General J.E.B. Stuart in regard to having her brother exchanged as a prisoner of war. . . She had been sent to me by a southern woman who knew I had carried letters through to Charles Town and thought I would accompany the young lady to that place, and acquaint her with friends who would assist her through the lines. I hesitated a moment and she said with tears that his mother had a message from Baltimore that if some powerful influence was not brought to bear immediately that her brother would be executed as a guerilla. That decided the matter.

    We started off in a one horse carriage for Charles Town. She as a traveler was attired in a brown suit with a cape to match trimmed with quilling around it and a brown straw hat with a veil. I was to spend the day only and was dressed in a blue “Dolly Varden” pattern dress, blue silk bonnet with wide turn over cuffs and concealed in the lining of these cuffs were slips of paper with names of prominent Southern sympathizers who we were to call upon for any assistance. Before starting we concluded it would be better to go under fictitious names – she as Lucy Hamilton, and I as Louise Hamilton, her cousin. And with hearts filled with hope we started off that bright May morning on our errand of mercy.

    Charles Town was reached in good time. We stopped where we were directed at Mrs. L’s and urged for safety to stay all night here-Lucy to start next morning southward and I to return home would arouse no suspicion. The next morning was quite as beautiful and arrangements were completed when I found she was getting timid about starting off alone. She entreated me to go just as far as Berryville and then she thought she would feel brave enough to travel alone. It was a big undertaking for two young girls as the country was then all excitement and confusion. I finally agreed to go to Berryville. We knew exactly where to stop and whom to see. All was planned before starting from home. I will never forget how beautiful Berryville looked the morning we drove up to the hotel. It was a village embowered in beautiful green trees, blooming flowers. The bees humming in the nectar-laden flowers produced that lazy, peaceful quiet that is so soothing to tired nerves. We made our arrangements with the proprietor and took a stroll through the pretty, cool looking streets.

    We met Union soldiers and plenty of them but we did not feel any fear of our plans failing. In the evening we called upon the family next to the hotel and had music until late that night. Next morning while arranging to separate we were visited by a Yankee officer saying he wished to know here were were going, and that we must take the oath. At first we refused to take the oath but when we consented to take it he would not let us, but placed us under arrest. What a frustrating of all our plans. How my heart ached for that poor girl. How she had built her hopes on securing the release of her brother on this venture.

    Under arrest by the Federals, Gen. Milroy flabbergasted:

    Robert_H_Milroy_Named


    MLH:
    Winchester reached, we were taken to the head-quarters of General Milroy where we found women, young and old, proud and defiant, now arguing their claims and proclaiming their grievances. One delicate, forlorn-looking widow relating to the General how his men, the Yankees, had taken her cows, her only means of support for her children. He turned from her quickly to my friend and me – if there had been the least disposition on my part to be humble – his exclamation put that feeling to flight and aroused a very rebellious state of mind. “What in the devil are you doing here? If it were not for the women running around the country we would not have so much trouble.” My companion started up with surprise. “General, we did not want to come here. We did not start for this place. Your officers brought us here.” He ran fingers through his mass of snow white hair already standing straight up like the quills of a porcupine and out of the audience chamber he strode without another word. He presented a fine physique, tall, well-proportioned, erect in carriage, a wealth of snow-white hair which suggested from its stand-up appearance that his fingers had a fashion of roaming there when troubles were to be, and plans and problems of great magnitude to be wrought out.

    dhs.va5.323.ring

    FRATERNIZING WITH THE ENEMY:

    June – 1863:

    We were soon before the Provost Marshall at Martinsburg awaiting his orders. Next morning we were taken to General Kelly at Harper’s Ferry to await further orders. We were assigned to the best boarding house in the town adjoining the General’s headquarters where a great many of the officers boarded. We had a guard to watch our movements and prevent our escape if we thought of anything of the kind. We were allowed to walk around the town accompanied by the guard and sometimes were invited by officers, to whom we were introduced, to attend concerts and places of amusements but the guard invariably followed behind to the disgust of our gallants. Lucy and I ignored the guard altogether. We did not care how tired he became running over the old hills of Harper’s Ferry after us and many were the taunts and comments we overheard about “secesh” (Confederate-sympathizing) prisoners.

    “Miranda!” and the voice startled us – for it came from under the ground – a cottage, vine-clad and embowered in trees and bushes right under our feet on the slope of a hill. (The voice then said: “Here comes the two ‘secesh’ prisoners again trailing that poor tired guard after them as unusual. He looks like he is ready to drop. Much I would follow behind them over these hills.” She lived there under the hill with her beautiful daughter. She had lots and lots of beautiful flowers but not one would she give us after we humbled ourselves to ask for one because we were rebels.

    At Harper’s Ferry with your five mountains, your bright Potomac, your smiling languid Shenandoah, your historic Jefferson’s Rock and romantic stone steps leading to the temple of God – St. Peter’s Church. In the yard of this church, high above the streets and houses of Harper’s Ferry, the Fifth New York Regiment Band discoursed sweet music every Sunday evening of the six weeks Lucy and I were prisoners. The sweet strains of the “Mocking Bird” as only Henry Frunkenfield could render them, echoed from Loudoun Heights across the great Shenandoah over the beautiful rock-ribbed Potomac of Maryland Heights, back again the mountain breezes wafted them though the streets and windows as if a hundred mocking birds were trilling their soul-felt song.

    As a piece of fun, we were dressed in fantastic costumes, slipped down a stairway, of which the General had no knowledge to the kitchen, to dance for the cook and her black “Topsy”. The guard was told that we were about to make our escape. He hunted the house over for his prisoners and when he found us he did not recognize us for some time, our disguise was so complete. Two guards questioned us until they were finally convinced that we were not attempting an escape.

    Sabbath days and week days were all the same at Harper’s Ferry during the war. The soldiers and citizens would promenade the streets. The crowds would send forth their martial airs, dignified and soul-stirring also their merry dance tunes. But this one Sabbath day seemed so different from all others that we had spent at that place. The day was declining and from the description of an Italian sunset, I think the sunset of this evening far surpassed any such Italian scene. The golden rays touched the tree tops and they looked like burnished gold. The strains of music came from the high rocks where St. Peter’s Church rests peacefully. Darts and streaks of gold tips of trees on the mountain tops – the birds twitter and call to their mates in low tones. There is a hush as if all nature were bowed in silent prayer as the twilight settles over the valley. The beauty of this Sabbath will never fade from my memory. It was my last one there as a prisoner. The stillness was soon changed to wild confusion and excitement.

    Mary Entler Jumps Sides:

    MLH:
    I took the oath of allegiance to the United States in June, 1863 in Baltimore, Maryland to Col. Fish who was in command there at the time. I have passed from Gen’l Lockwood commander at H. Ferry 1863 also from Gen’l Stevenson.

    MLH:
    late August, 1864 – afterwards Company H., 116 Ohio Infantry, Capt. Peters and Col. Washburns Regiment occupied it, and every partition in the front bedrooms were destroyed. Every mantel piece (they were colonial) all but two were burned. The floor in the garrett of the back building was also destroyed. Enough of new window sash and door frames for a house was stored too. cistern and well floors destroyed and cistern filled with bee hives and rubbish. A fine dressed stable with 25 partitioned off, with board partitions-upper story divided off for grain and sleeping quarters for oster. All was torn out and this weakened the roof so that when a snow came it collapsed. A brick carriage house met the same fate. My father Joseph Entler was an old man at the time, and was never after that financially able to put back what was destroyed by the United States soldiers.

    PEACETIME – ETERNAL TIDE OF MEMORIES:

    Eternal_Tide_Memories__TITLE

    MLH married on February 15, 1865 in Frederick, Maryland Walter L. Herrington, a ticket-agent on the B&O Railroad at Harper’s Ferry.

    1870:
    They lived in her parents’ home of Wingerd Cottage, her parents having been forcibly retired from inn-keeping. Mary’s husband worked as a photographer then, that same year, died an untimely death.

    1910: MLH had a dry goods and milliners shop on the south side of German Street.

    1914: Mary Herrington paid in trust to George Beltzhoover the remaining western half of the lot of the once Great Western Hotel for $400, a sum to be paid to Nellie M. Entler. – December 5, 1914, Deed Book 111, p. 505. – Jefferson County Clerk.

    1920:
    Mary Herrington was seventy-nine years old, living in Shepherdstown with her seventy-two-year-old-sister, Julia M. Miller, and brother, sixty-nine-year-old Lewis Little.

    On June 20th MLH sold the dual-lot Great Western Inn to relative Harry T. Licklider on the condition that she could still live in the inn her natural life with her brother, “the said Home to consist of four rooms of the first floor and five rooms, including a summer kitchen and garden.” Two years later Licklider fell in arrears with the Swift Corporation and was sued and forced to sell the Great Western lands to pay off the debts. So the inn was gone from the family but MLH could live there, literally, on borrowed time.

    She recalled:
    Only the walls of the stables remain today in ruins, covered with Virginia Creeper to screen the ugly scars of the Civil War.

    1930:
    Mary L. Herrington was listed as eighty-nine years old but with her brother, Lewis Little, now listed as head of their house of the south side of German Street between King and Princess Streets near the center of the block, assessed at about $4,000. Mary A. Licklider & Mary Herrington 1930 Census with her interviewer Mary A. Licklider living next door at the home of Edward Licklider, Mary’s father.

    1932:
    Mary Louise Herrington died March 27, 1932, having given much of these recollections to Mary A. Licklider, a descendant of Mary’s brother, Cato Moore Entler. Her marker is in Elmwood Cemetery. That summer, the new owner of the Great Western began massive alterations and reductions.

    References:

    Matthew M. Neely was U.S.Senator from West Virginia, from 1922-1928, then from 1931 to and thru the year Mary Entler Herrington died in 1932.
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Letter to Senator Neely of WV
    from Mary Louise Entler Herrington; Concerning Damages to Property During the Civil War

    Hon. Neely,
    I wish you to put before Congress a claim for damages to property by U.S. soldiers during the Civil War. The property was a hotel (in market for rent at the time). It was taken possession of and occupied by a Pennsylvania Cavalry Company. The extensive grounds in which were apple trees and vegetables were trampled and all the fencing destroyed; afterwards Company H., 116 Ohio Infantry, Capt. Peters and Col. Washburns Regiment occupied it, and every partition in the front bedrooms were destroyed. Every mantel piece (they were colonial) all but two were burned. The floor in the garrett of the back building was also destroyed. Enough of new window sash and door frames for a house was stored too. cistern and well floors destroyed and cistern filled with bee hives and rubbish. A fine dressed stable with 25 partitioned off, with board partitions-upper story divided off for grain and sleeping quarters for oster. All was torn out and this weakened the roof so that when a snow came it collapsed. A brick carriage house met the same fate. My father Joseph ENTLER was an old man at the time, and was never after that financially able to put back what was destroyed by the United States soldiers. I am sole survivor and think it but just and right that the United States Government should pay me an old woman now to repair it. (Signed) Mary L. ENTLER HERRINGTON. (A postscript was added): I took the oath of allegiance to the United States in Jun 1863 in Baltimore, Maryland to Col. Fish who was in command there at the time. I have passed from Gen’l Lockwood commander at H. Ferry 1863 also from Gen’l Stevenson. My grandfather, Philip ENTLER was a Revolutionary soldier, my father Joseph ENTLER was a soldier in the War of 1812 and helped defend Baltimore and Washington. My husband, Walter HERRINGTON was a Royal Arch Mason and United States Assistant Revenue Assessor under President Johnson for some time. If these facts have any weight in this matter I am glad.

    Description of House

    An Ancient Landmark Being Changed August, 1932 – The Shepherdstown Register (undated)
    Joseph ENTLER (my father) conducted it as an inn. The house is a quaint 52′ long weather board house with massive stone steps to both front doors and stone trimmings and steps to the front cellars and long massive stone stiles or carriage stepping stones as were used in ancient days. The dining room is 34 feet long. Seventeen rooms in the house and large old fashioned fireplaces in many of the rooms and finished with high paneled mantelpieces. The large fireplace in the kitchen which was used for cooking and had the cranes and pothooks and hangers. The ice house was under the dining room and was filled every winter with twenty-five four horse wagon loads of ice, which lasted until fall. The ice was from the Potomac River. After Joseph ENTLER bought it in 1809, he opened it as an inn. a large sign swung across the pavement at the east corner of the house. A heavy post at the curb supported one side and the other side was fastened to the house. In the middle of the sign in large letters that were plainly visible for squares up and down the street was the word, “INN”, and just below that, ‘Jos. ENTLER”. For many years it was a welcome abode to the weary traveler, for then all traveling was by wagon and carriage from Ohio and Kentucky to Baltimore and Washington, where their produce was sold and groceries and other commodities were taken back to the states and intermediate points. All these white covered wagons were placed in the large grounds and the weary tired horses were comfortably bedded down and fed in the large stone stables by good trusty colored men.

    All circuses stopped at this inn and pitched their tents in the large lot arranging the cages of wild animals around the circle inside and all other wagons outside the tent. Seventeen rooms in the house and large old fashioned fireplaces in many of the rooms and finished with high paneled mantelpieces. All were destroyed but two during the Civil War, when occupied by Union Troops. The bedrooms above are still numbered as in the days when the late the large fireplace in the kitchen which was used for cooking before cook stoves were introduced has still the cranes and pothooks and hangers as the good old cooks used to handle. The ice house is under the dining room and was filled every winter with twenty-five four horse wagon loads of ice, which lasted until fall. The ice was from the Potomac River. This house and ground adjoining on the east extended to within a few feet from the corner below Trinity Episcopal Church all was the property of Cornelius Wynkoop, who sold it to Levi Gooding, 17 Oct 1801. Charles Harper had an interest in it. Joseph ENTLER (my father), bought Harper’s interest Jun 22nd., 1809. The 17th. of Feb 1812 the interest in the property was deeded to Joseph ENTLER from Levi Gooding, which has been the family over 100 years. Philip ENTLER, Joseph ENTLER’S father was a soldier in the Revolutionary War and told his son the building was a barracks in that war, and all ground which extended on the east beyond the Episcopal Church was used by Revolutionary soldiers as drilling and practice grounds and was used also in the War of 1812-14. After Joseph ENTLER bought it in 1809, he opened it as an inn. a large sign swung across the pavement at the east corner of the house. A heavy post at the curb supported one side and the other side was fastened to the house. In the middle of the sign in large letters that were plainly visible for squares up and down the street was the word, “INN”, and just below that, ‘Jos. ENTLER”. For many years it was a welcome abode to the weary traveler, for then all traveling was by wagon and carriage from Ohio and Kentucky to Baltimore and Washington, where their produce was sold and groceries and other commodities were taken back to the states and intermediate points. All these white covered wagons were placed in the large grounds and the weary tired horses were comfortably bedded down and fed in the large stone stables by good trusty colored men. Only the walls of the stables remain today in ruins, covered with Virginia Creeper to screen the ugly scars of the Civil War. All circuses stopped at this inn and pitched their tents in the large lot arranging the cages of wild animals around the circle inside and all other wagons outside the tent. On one occasion an elephant died and left a baby elephant. Years after the occurrence, the same circus came to town, and the baby remembered the place where its mother died and was buried in the lot and it’s grief was pitiful site.
    entlerd originally shared this, 14 Apr 2010 story at ancestry.com
    trees.ancestry.ca 4 March 2006 Web. 1 July 2014. (Subscription membership required for access).
    reocities.com 18 October 2000 Web. 1 July 2014.

    History of Confederate Flag made in Shepherdstown by Mary Louise Entler Herrington:
    Copied from the original by Mary A. LICKLIDER, 16 Feb 1938
    It may be interesting to the Shepherdstown Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and others also to know the facts about a flag that was made and sent through the line in 1861 to our own Company B.

    A U.S. flag was given to four or five young girls (young girls at the time), by Mr. Rezin Shepherd who lived in New Orleans. In the summer he lived at Wild Goose Farm. The flag was one from one of his vessels. It was sent to us by Mr. James (Hervey) Shepherd and was to be converted into a Confederate flag, a work that was dangerous at the time, being in disputed territory. We could work only when our men were in the lines and had to be very cautious then. My father Joseph ENTLER owned and lived at Wingerd Cottage during the war and there the flag was made. The location off from town and the large wide hall were ideal places for the work, which took many anxious weeks to complete. It was very tedious to rip every seam of the stripes in such a way as not to ravel the bunting. Every star was ripped from the blue field and then to sew all the red together and all the white to form the bars red, white, and red. Of course we had a surplus of stars as the Confederacy was young. After many weeks of work the flag was finished and a beautiful Confederate flag was ready to be sent through the line to Company B. It was hidden away awaiting a safe transfer. I heard the tramp of cavalry and clank of swords and sabers. I looked out the window and saw the cottage was surrounded by Yankee Cavalry. Oh, the flag, what was to be done with it? I heard the officer read orders to my father to search his premises thoroughly for contraband goods. My father seemed to be protesting against the search. But that gave me a little time to take the flag from its hiding place in a chest. The house was surrounded. I could not get out to hide it. I pulled a dress from the wall and put the flag in it and threw the dress carelessly across the back of a chair. Skirts were very wide and deep facings upon them. I put the little flags that we wore on our dresses and letters under the carpet. When my door was pushed open by Capt. Horner of Col. Coles’ Cavalry and the search began. Every bureau drawer and closet was searched, even the grandfather clock where reposed letters to go through the lines. But they were too deep in the bottom of the old clock to be detected. Everything was handled but the blue striped dress hovering over its precious treasure. It was too insignificant to attract their notice and they gave up the search, but rather in a bad humor. The flag was safe and sent to Company B, but all inquires after the war failed to locate it. There was an exchange of flags several years ago. That flag would be readily recognized by its many seams and its homemade marks. Now what became of that flag is a mystery. It went through the lines and was received by the company. I believe I am the only one living who helped to make the flag and saved it from being captured by Capt. Horner, its first Yankee assailant.
    – entlerd originally shared this to Deron’s Original Family Tree
    trees.ancestry.ca 4 March 2006 Web. 1 July 2014.

    “CEOS told of Early Stories of Shepherdstown by Jim Price” – Spirit of Jefferson Farmer’s Advocate – Jun 8, 2000, p. 7.
    The Great Western Hotel had nineteen rooms and was owned by Joseph Entler, and was more like a truck stop where drovers and drivers and passengers of Conestoga wagons stayed. In 1858 Joseph Entler moved his family to Wingerd Cottage (the home of Cindy and Bob Keller) and leased the hotel out.
    news.google.com 25 March 2002 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Born in Shepherdstown, Jefferson, Virginia, USA on 24 Aug 1821 to Joseph Entler and Mary Ellen Rickard. Cato Moore married Mary Ellen Bowen and had 9 children. He passed away on 6 Apr 1902 in Shepherdstown, Jefferson, Virginia, USA.
    records.ancestry.com 22 January 2009 Web. July 1, 2014.

    1st Maryland Cavalry, U.S.A. (Originally organized as the 1st Potomac Home Brigade Cavalry, “Cole’s Cavalry” was formed under the guidance of Henry A. Cole (from Frederick, Maryland). Company C was recruited primarily from Emmitsburg, Maryland and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and was commanded by Capt. John Horner;
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Due to confusion created by units carrying different flags after 1st Manassas the 30th October 1861 saw Governor Letcher present every Virginia regiment with a bunting flag. Another private group in Charles Town had a regimental flag made for the 2nd Virginia Infantry regiemnt that they reportedly carried into batle at First Manassas/BullRun
    2ndvirginiacsa.tripod.com 16 May 2013 Web 1 July 2014.

    Gallaher, D.C. (December, 1996). “Fragments of a Diary of Shepherdstown Events During the War 1861-1865.” Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society, vol. LXII. Print.

    Mary Entler’s brother:
    ENTLER, CATO MOORE: b. 1822. Confectioner. enl. 6/18/61 at Winchester in Co. B as Pvt. sick at Manassas Hosp. 10/21/61. To Chimborazo #5, 1/13/61; diarrhea. To Gen. Hosp. Farmville, 5/7/62; torpor of liver. Returned to duty 7/16/62; however, last official entry shows him absent sick 6/30-10/31 1862. – Frye, Dennis “2nd Virginia Infantry Regiment,” Lynchburg, Va: H. E. Howard. Print. More . . .

    Mary L. Herrington was listed as eighty-nine years old but with her brother, Lewis Little, now listed as head of their house of the south side of German Street between King and Princess Streets near the center of the block, assessed at about $4,000. Mary A. Licklider & Mary Harrington 1930 Census with her interviewer Mary A. Licklider living next door at the home of Edward Licklider, Mary’s father.
    NARA T626. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930.
    Roll: 2536
    State: West Virginia
    County: JEFFERSON
    Browse Description: SHEPHERDSTOWN TOWN
    Enumeration District: 19-9
    Description: SHEPHERDSTOWN TOWN
    Sheet Number: 4b
    fold3.com footnote.com(fold3.com) 21 October 2010 Web. 20 May 2014.

    116th Ohio Infantry
    The most likely time in which the 116th Ohio visited the Great Western Inn was during late August, 1864:
    Left Ohio for Parkersburg, Va., October 16; then moved to Clarksburg and Buckhannon. Moved to New Creek November 9, and to Moorefield December 12. Duty at Moorefield, Va., December 15, 1862 to January 10, 1863. Moorefield January 3. At Romney until March 17. Near Romney February 16. At Winchester, Va., until June. Operations in Shenandoah Valley April 20–29. Scout toward Wardensville and Strasburg April 20. Scout to Strasburg April 25–29. Bunker Hill June 13 (Companies A and I). Battle of Winchester June 13–15. Retreat to Harper’s Ferry, W. Va., June 15–16, 1863; then to Washington, D.C., July 1–4, and joined Army of the Potomac at Frederick, Md., July 5. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5–24. Wapping Heights, Va., July 23. At Martinsburg, W. Va., August 4, 1863 to April 29, 1864. Skirmish at Hedgesville October 16, 1863 (detachment). Sigel’s Expedition from Martinsburg to New Market April 29-May 16, 1864. Battle of New Market May 15. Advance on Staunton May 24-June 6. Piedmont June 5. Occupation of Staunton June 6. Hunter’s raid on Lynchburg June 10-July 1. Lynchburg June 17–18. ***Ordered to the Shenandoah Valley July. Battle of Kernstown-Winchester, July 24. Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28, 1864. Charlestown August 21, 22, and 29. Berryville September 3, Battle of Winchester, Opaquan Creek September 19, 1864. Fisher’s Hill September 22. Cedar Creek October 13, Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Opequan Crossing November 18 to December 19. Moved to Washington, D.C., December 19; then to Aiken’s Landing, Va. Siege of Petersburg and Richmond December 27, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9, Hatcher’s Run March 29-April 1. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3–9. Rice’s Station April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Duty at Richmond, Va., until June.
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Baldau, Catherine. “House Arrest: Mary Entler’s Adventure in Harpers Ferry.” in “The Harpers Ferry Anthology – Civil War-era Stories by Park Rangers and Volunteers.” (2011). Harpers Ferry, WV: The Harpers Ferry Historical Assocation. Print.

    Joseph Entler household 1870 Census p. 506.
    United States. Bureau of the Census; United States. National Archives and Records Service. (1965). “Population schedules of the ninth census of the United States, 1870, West Virginia [microform] (Volume Reel 1689 – 1870 West Virginia Federal Population Census Schedules – Jackson and Jefferson Counties).” Washington, D.C.: Gov’t Printing Office. Print.

    United States. Bureau of the Census; United States. National Archives and Records Service. (1965). “Population schedules of the ninth census of the United States, 1870, West Virginia [microform] (Volume Reel 1689 – 1870 West Virginia Federal Population Census Schedules – Jackson and Jefferson Counties).” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 10 Sept. 2010.
    More . . .

    Joseph Entler, Jr. household with MLH, Potomac District p. 26
    United States. Bureau of the Census; United States. National Archives and Records Service. (197-). 10th census, 1880, West Virginia [microform] (Volume Reel 1405 – 1880 West Virginia Federal “Population Census Schedules – Jefferson (cont’d: ED 4, sheet 23-end) and Kanawha (part: EDs 1-61, sheet 26) Counties).” Washington, D.C.: Gov’t Printing Office. Print.

    United States. Bureau of the Census; United States. National Archives and Records Service. (197-). 10th census, 1880, West Virginia [microform] (Volume Reel 1405 – 1880 West Virginia Federal “Population Census Schedules – Jefferson (cont’d: ED 4, sheet 23-end) and Kanawha (part: EDs 1-61, sheet 26) Counties).” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 10 Sept. 2010.

    1900 United States Federal Census about Mary L Herrington
    Name: Mary L Herrington
    Age: 60
    Birth Date: May 1840
    Birthplace: West Virginia
    Home in 1900: Shepherdstown, Jefferson, West Virginia
    Race: White
    Gender: Female
    Relation to Head of House: Sister
    Marital Status: Widowed
    Father’s Birthplace: Pennsylvania
    Mother’s Birthplace: West Virginia
    Mother: number of living children: 0
    Mother: How many children: 0
    Name Age
    Joseph Entler, Jr 72
    Annie E Entler 65
    Mary L Herrington 60
    Julia M Miller 53
    Maurice Miller 16
    Source Citation: Year: 1900; Census Place: Shepherdstown, Jefferson, West Virginia; Roll: 1761; Page: 5A; Enumeration District: 0048; FHL microfilm: 1241761
    search.ancestry.com 10 July 1998 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Mary Herrington was seventy-nine years old, living in Shepherdstown with her seventy-two-year-old-sister, Julia M. Miller and brother, sixty-nine-year-old Lewis Little.
    1920 United States Federal Census about Mary L Herrington
    Name: Mary L Herrington
    [Mary L Herington]
    Age: 79
    Birth Year: abt 1841
    Birthplace: West Virginia
    Home in 1920: Shepherdstown, Jefferson, West Virginia
    Race: White
    Gender: Female
    Relation to Head of House: Head
    Marital Status: Widowed
    [Widow]
    Father’s Birthplace: Pennsylvania
    Mother’s Birthplace: West Virginia
    Household Members:
    Name Age
    Mary L Herrington: 79
    Julia M Miller 72
    Lewis J Little 69
    Source Citation: Year: 1920; Census Place: Shepherdstown, Jefferson, West Virginia; Roll: T625_1952; Page: 9A; Enumeration District: 74; Image: 555.
    search.ancestry.com 10 July 1998 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Suit in favor of Swift & Company against H. T. Licklider, in which Licklider sold to discharge and pay off said decree: ”The certain house and land on the east side of Princess Street in Shepherdstown . . . designated on the plat of said town as the north west corner of Lot No. 127, said lot fronting on said street 40 feet by 98 feet deep on said alley and known as the site of the business of “The Licklider Corporation.” Also, two certain adjoining parcels of real estate of which the late Joseph Entler died seized and possessed and situate on the south side of German Street in Shepherdstown, designated on the Plat of said town as Lot No. 14 and bounded as follows: No. 1 consisting of a vacant lot of land fronting on said street 33 feet by about 206 feet deep to a public alley in the rear, No. 2 consisting of the adjoining lot of land and the large weather-boarded dwelling thereon, the said lot fronting on said street about 60 feet more or less by about 206 feet to a public alley in the rear, subject to a life estate of Mary L. Herrington in part of same and being the same real estate conveyed to Harry T. Licklider by deed from Mary L. Herrington and others by deed dated June 29, 1920. – Lis Pendens, October 14, 1922, Deed Book 122, Page 140, – Jefferson County, WV Clerk. (NOTE: The life estate deed states that Mary Herrington sold the two adjacent lots to Licklider on the condition that she and, as long as Herrington approves, Licklider to allow, provide and maintain free of any charge and expense to her said “Dwelling for and during her natural life: the said Home to consist of four rooms of the first floor and five rooms, including a summer kitchen and garden.” – July 6, 1920, Deed Book 119, Page 82, Jefferson County Clerk.

    “Historically, milliners, typically female shopkeepers, produced or imported an inventory of garments for men, women, and children, including hats, shirts, cloaks, shifts, caps, neckerchiefs, and undergarments, and sold these garments in their millinery shop.” wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    116th Ohio Infantry – compiled by Larry Stevens. References for this Unit
    ohiocivilwar.com 17 August 2000 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Mary L. Herrington was listed as eighty-nine years old but with her brother, Lewis Little, now listed as head of their house of the south side of German Street between King and Princess Streets near the center of the block, assessed at about $4,000. Mary A. Licklider & Mary Harrington 1930 Census with her interviewer Mary A. Licklider living next door at the home of Edward Licklider, Mary’s father.
    NARA T626. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930.
    Roll: 2536
    State: West Virginia
    County: JEFFERSON
    Browse Description: SHEPHERDSTOWN TOWN
    Enumeration District: 19-9
    Description: SHEPHERDSTOWN TOWN
    Sheet Number: 4b
    fold3.com. footnote.com(fold3.com) 21 October 2010 Web. 20 May 2014.

    “In the Realms of Rest: M. L. Herrington,“ The Shepherdstown Register,” March 31, 1932.

    Image Credits:

    Montage of images of people in Shepherdstown during the Civil War – Historic Shepherdtown Commission.

    Harper’s Weekly September 6, 1862, p. 569
    sonofthesouth.net start date unavailable Web. 1 July 2014.

    The first flag of the 11th Pennsylvania Reserves

    detail of woman sewing flag
    etsy.com 18 May 2001 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Battle flag of the 28th North Carolina Infantry.

    Stuart’s Horse Artillery Flag
    jeffctywvmuseum.org 9 November 2004 Web. 1 July 2014.

    The 33rd Indiana Volunteer Infantry
    33rdindiana.org 20 June 2011 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Remains of U.S. Infantry colors from President Lincoln’s box on the night he was assassinated. medicalmuseum.mil 2 June 2012 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Flag of the type carried by the Treasury Guard and other infantry regiments during the Civil War. medicalmuseum.mil 2 June 2012 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Ohio Department of the Adjutant General, “National Colors of the Black Brigade of Cincinnati,” in Ohio Civil War 150 | Collections & Exhibits, Item #1490. ohiocivilwar150.org/omeka 25 September 2009 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Ohio Department of the Adjutant General, “Guidon of the 27th U.S.C.T.,” in Ohio Civil War 150 | Collections & Exhibits, Item #1489. ohiocivilwar150.org/omeka 25 September 2009 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Flag of the Rockbridge Rifles
    Original Author: W. H. Horstmann & Sons of Philadelphia
    Created: ca. 1860
    Medium: Silk flag with oil-painted seal
    Courtesy of The Museum of the Confederacy
    encyclopediavirginia.org 8 November 2006 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Alfred Lee : Dolly Varden
    Dolly Varden / words by Frank W. Green ; music by Alfred Lee
    Philadelphia : Lee & Walker, between 1872 and 1875
    Plate no.: 131819.4
    Color: Portrait of a young woman in a Dolly Varden dress / T. Sinclair & Son Lith.
    Box 25, no. 7. library.upenn.edu/collections 7 March 2003 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Hotchkiss, Jedediah, “[Map of Loudoun County and part of Clarke County, Va., Jefferson County and part of Berkeley County, W. Va., and parts of Montgomery and Frederick counties, Md.]..”
    memory.loc.gov/ammem/ 14 October 2004 Web. 1 July 2014.

    One-horse buggy
    David Hunter Strother, “At Hancock Depot, Aug. 1st, 1857. West Virginia and Regional History Collection. Act, No.:P.95.30.387pg26c

    Dicken’s Dolly Varden by William Frith.
    Owner/Location: Victoria and Albert Museum – London (United Kingdom – London)
    Dates: 1842
    Artist age: Approximately 23 years old.
    Dimensions: Unknown
    Medium: Painting – oil on canvas
    Entered by: Member Irene on 22 December 2013.
    the-athenaeum.org 23 May 2002 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Shepherdstown and Charles Town, Va.
    Brown, Howell S. “Map of Jefferson County, Virginia From Actual Surveys With Farm Limits, 1852.” Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society Vol. XLV. (1979): pp. 1-7. Print.

    Brown, S. Howell. (1852). “Map of Jefferson County, Virginia from actual survey with the farm limits.” United States. The Library of Congress: American Memory. “Maps Collection.” 27 Oct. 2009 Web. 10 Sept. 2010.

    Andrew T. Leopold – Courtesy Horace Mewborn, Jr.

    Robert_H._Milroy
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Woman pouring from watering can
    Marmion, Annie P. (1959) “Under Fire: An Experience in the Civil War.” William Vincent Marmion, Jr. ed.

    Rezin Shepherd-Shepherd University

    Elderly woman
    Crayon, Porte (Strother, D. H.). “The Mountains. Pt. VI.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, Volume 45, Issue: 270, November 1872, pp. 801-816. Print.

    Crayon, Porte. (November, 1872). “The Mountains. Pt. VI.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. p. 803. (SEE REFERENCES)

    Gate to farm house
    Strother, David H. “Rural Pictures.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 20, Issue: 116, January, 1860. pp. 166-180. Print.

    Strother, David H., (Jan., 1860). “Rural Pictures.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. p. 166 (SEE REFERENCES).

    Ring on woman’s finger
    Strother, David H., “Virginia Illustrated.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 13, Issue: 75, (Aug., 1856). pp. 303-323. Print.

    Strother, David H., “Virginia Illustrated.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. p. 323.(SEE REFERENCES)

    Cook in kitchen
    Strother, David H., “Virginia Illustrated.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 12, Issue: 68, (Jan., 1856). pp. 158-179. Print.

    Strother, David H., “Virginia Illustrated.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. p. 177 (SEE REFERENCES)

    Horses in stable eating hay
    Strother, David H., “Virginia Illustrated.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 11, Issue: 63, (Aug., 1855). pp. 289-311. Print.

    Strother, David H., “Virginia Illustrated.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. p. 293 (SEE REFERENCES)

    Federal cavalry standstill
    “Battles and Leaders. Vol. 1.” (1887). Robert Underwood Johnson, Clarence Clough Buel (Ed.). New York, NY: Century Co. Print.

    “Battles and Leaders Vol. 1.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Sept. 2010. p. 600.

    Searching for Arms. Drawing by Adalbert John Volck, circa 1890-1896, glc00493.05. (Image: Gilder Lehrman Collection) civilwar.org 15 May 1998 Web. 1 July 2014.

    Additionsal Image Credits for the Videos:

    Young Woman at a Piano by George Goodwin Kilburne, 1880.

    Detail The Effect of the Rebellion of the Homes of Virginia – Harper’s Weekly, 24 December, 1864. pp. 824-825.

    William Stebbins Fish – Maryland Historical Society. Maryland Historical Magazine, (Summer, 1999). Vol. 94. p. 132.

    Polish stables in Gdansk
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 25 October 2014.

    The Homecoming by E.L. Henry

    Title: [Civil War envelope showing soldier standing at attention in camp with message “Our Union defenders”]. Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1865]. memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    mantels colonial
    research.history.org 23 March 2006 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Pen and Ink by Edwin Graves Champney. Image courtesy of the Outer Banks History Center.
    obxentertainment.com 8 April 2009 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Matthew_M._Neely
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Headpiece for ‘Good for the Soul’ – Howard Pyle
    wikiart.org 30 May 2008 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Christmas Boxes in Camp Christmas 1861: Published Harpers Weekly January 4, 1862. (Not used)
    hoocher.com 4 April 2009 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Sunday Morning in Virginia: 1887 Winslow Homer
    hoocher.com 4 April 2009 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Girl in the Orchard: 1874 by Winslow Homer
    hoocher.com 4 April 2009 Web. 25 October 2014.

    The Reaper: 1878 by Winslow Homer
    hoocher.com 4 April 2009 Web. 25 October 2014.

    porcupine
    awf.org 19 June 1998 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Union officers eating during the Civil War. (Library of Congress photo)
    blog.timesunion.com 10 December 2005 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Strother, David H., “The Mountains. Pt. IV.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 44, Issue: 267, (Aug, 1872). pp. 347-366. Print.

    Strother, David H., “The Mountains. Pt. IV.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. pp. 347-366. (SEE REFERENCES)

    hanged silhouette
    Harper’s New Monthly Magazine Volume 0019 Issue 109 (June 1859)
    Title: Artist’s Excursion. Illustrated By Porte Crayon [pp. 1-19],

    document oath of allegiance
    spotsylvaniamemory.blogspot.com 21 January 2013 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Henry_Hayes_Lockwood
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Death Record of W. L. Harrington in 1874
    wvculture.org 2 March 2000 Web. 25 October 2014.

    Mary Entler 1920 Census, West Virginia, Jefferson County
    archive.org 9 August 2002 Web. 25 October 2014.

    (Not used) Foraging was resorted to, to a considerable extent. Turkeys, Geese, Chickens were taken whenever found; corn-cakes, bread, ham, and smoked sides with butter, apple butter, and in fact everything that was eatable was procured, sometimes by paying cash and at other times by promises to pay when change could not be made. (Courtesy Bradley Forbush)
    13thmass.org 29 May 2002 Web. 25 October 2014.

     The Most “Civil Warred” Home – Unburned – in Jefferson County (1) – J. Surkamp.

    5987 words

    Leading Civil War historian Dennis Frye explains to Don and Marie Davis, owners of the Carriage Inn bed and breakfast on Washington Street in historic Charles Town, WV (John Brown was tried and hanged at two nearby locations) how it came to be the Gens Grant and Sheridan had a war council in the east front parlor of the once called Rutherford House. (the same room where this video was made). Funny thing – Confederate General Stonewall Jackson had dinner there once as did Gen Jen Stuart who also brought his fiddle player at the same place – but DIFFERENT NIGHTS. TRT: 8:53 Video link: https://youtu.be/rNcWBCLYfMY

    The Amazing Story of the Carriage Inn by Jim Surkamp (1)
    TRT: 7:16 Video link: https://youtu.be/id0xxSjDiwk

    Carriage Inn, Music & Hi-Jinks at The Bower’s Ball, Oct. 7, 1862 (2) by Jim Surkamp August, 2014
    TRT: 13:46 Video link: https://youtu.be/Y-Cyhxik0a4

    The Amazing Carriage Inn of Charles Town (3) – The Feds get “Red” by Jim Surkamp August, 2014 TRT: 15:23 Video link: https://youtu.be/9edEwMKF95k

    Images at Flickr: 18 https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimsurkamp/sets/72157645701293011/

    With support from American Public University System (apus.edu). (The sentiments expressed do not in any way reflect modern-day policies of APUS, and are intended to encourage fact-based exchange for a better understanding of our nation’s foundational values.

    https://web.archive.org/web/20190710015149/https://civilwarscholars.com/2014/07/the-most-civil-warred-home-unburned-in-jefferson-county-1-j-surkamp/

    The Dandridges at The Bower and The Rutherfords at their Charlestown home had Civil War generals and intrigues come right to their doorstep and even into their parlors, sleeping areas and barns; stories piled high.

    Visitors_Carriage_Inn_1861_1864_FINAL


    But what Confederate Generals J.E.B. Stuart, Stonewall Jackson had in common with Federal commanding General Ulysses S. Grant; General Philip Sheridan, and General Nathaniel Banks – are the first floor rooms of Thomas and Mary Rutherford’s home on Washington Street in Charles Town, WV, today the Carriage Inn. They all spent time there, having fun or plotting.

    This is the story of The Rutherford House/Carriage Inn during the Civil War seen through the eyes mainly of Richard Duffield Rutherford, a ten-year-old in 1860, who got around quite a bit, mirroring the rhythms and terrors of daily life in Charlestown during The Troubles.

    Summary:

    Carriage_Inn_Family_TITLE


    Thomas and Mary Rutherford and their eight children – alongside the war’s flailing claws – had a flag made for Stonewall Jackson to take into battle in 1861 at First Manassas/Bull Run; entertained at dinner Federal General Nathaniel Banks with Stonewall’s returned flag precariously hidden away in an upstairs hearth; enjoyed Sam Sweeney’s banjo as he sat beside Gen J.E.B. Stuart who was visiting and sharing momentos with the family of his ride around Gen. McClellan’s army in October, 1862. They cared for wounded in late 1862, one who died and they buried. Daughter Mary dodged a bullet fired at her upstairs window, all while our callow narrator, Richard, nosed around town, saw things, and above all daily milked their two cows, that he often had to roam to find, bribing thankful Federal pickets with pie.

    Then the most historic two hours at Rutherford House/Carriage Inn was the meeting of Federal Generals Grant and Sheridan (almost two years to the day after the terrible Antietam/Sharpsburg battle), having surrounded the Rutherford home with a huge security cordon, and used new information smuggled into them by an African-American named Thomas Laws – correctly convincing them the time was propitious to attack Confederate General Jubal Early on the Opequon Creek.

    A lasting memory after the war was, for Richard, – one night sky’s hideous glow in all directions from the burning barns and, in some cases, homes torched as part of General Sheridan’s punitive campaign through the Valley, the one where his orders from Grant were curt and cruel – so that, to periphrase, a crow flying overhead would have to carry its own rations.

    Meantime the Rutherfords ate, starved, baked, sheltered, hid, entertained and prayed for the end – the real and final end – to this war that left their town changed forever, with a past obliterated and eclipsed.

    Chapterettes:
    1. Tom and Mary Rutherford thrive on political connections and railroad subsidies.
    2. The Fissure Opens – John Brown nails the issue and is hanged.
    3. July, 1861: The flag from “The Ladies of Jefferson County” & first time, face-to-face with Federals
    4. Future Federal General Francis Barlow bemoans Charlestown.
    5. A Rutherford relative teases the Federal pickets.
    6. Sister Virginia recounts how the gift flag comes back to the Rutherfords.
    7. February 27-28, 1862 Federal General Nathaniel Banks crossed the Potomac with 30,000 men.
    8. A misunderstanding about “church” music at the Charlestown Presbyterian church
    9. Tempers flash over stolen pigs, poultry and cows.
    10.Young Richard Rutherford had much better luck with the Rutherford’s cows thanks to food bribes.
    11.Gen. Banks dines with the Rutherfords.
    12.“We don’t want him!” said the Confederates.

    1. Tom and Mary Rutherford thrive on political connections and railroad subsidies:
    Duffields_Depot_TITLE_FINAL


    In 1860 Thomas Rutherford had $36,000 in real estate and $6,000 in personal property, largely from the estate left his wife, Mary, by her father, Richard Duffield, who first built and leased the train depot near his home in 1839 to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, that still stands in 2014. Their wealth was often in the form of United States dollars in the payments from the Baltimore and Ohio. Because their wealth was not in Virginia lands, enslaved persons or Confederate paper; the family still had about half their reported wealth ten years later in 1870. Their son-in-law, Cleon Moore, in fact, would build next door, becoming a lawyer for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad after the war.

    1859:

    2. The Fissure Opens – John Brown nails the issue and is hanged

    Richard Rutherford wrote of that day:
    John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859 in the morning. I was sitting on a wall fence back of the Episcopal Church. The rope was arranged, the black cap adjusted. The sheriff came down the steps of the scaffold. The signal was given, the rope cut, the body swung and in a few moments, it was all over. Everything was done quietly. In a few minutes he was pronounced dead. – Rutherford, p. 21.

    1861:

    3. July, 1861: The flag from “The Ladies of Jefferson County” & first time, face-to-face with Federals

    Rutherford recalled:
    My sister (Virginia) had raised money and presented to the Second Virginia regiment of that Brigade a handsome Virginia State Flag. (On the back side there was a banner “from the Ladies of Jefferson County”). This was their Brigade flag in this battle. – Rutherford, p. 24.

    Bull_Run_Flag_FINAL_5_TITLE copy


    In 1920 Mrs. Virginia Rutherford McMechem, Richard’s sister, wrote down the colorful history of the flag/banner:
    The flag, which was ordered and made in Richmond for the 2nd Virginia Infantry of local enlistees, arrived in Winchester, Va. on the 17th July, just as the Brigade was about to leave for Manassas Junction on the 18th of July. The 1st (Stonewall) Brigade marched out of Winchester with the flag flying at the head of the Second Virginia Regiment. The purchase money was given me by Thomas Rutherford of Charles Town and several of his friends as a gift to the Regiment. Thomas Rutherford did not desire to appear so prominent in the matter, so it was allowed to go as from the Ladies of Jefferson County. On the 21st of July, date of 1st Manassas, this was the only flag carried into the battle by the First Brigade and the only Virginia flag in Jackson’s command, other troops being put under his command after he arrived on the field. – Virginia Rutherford McMecham, letter 1920.

    Richard Rutherford’s first encounter with Federal soldiers:

    Carriage_Inn_Yankees_12th_NY_6_FINAL_TITLE copy


    On July 17, 1861 – I was frightened never having seen a Yankee soldier before and thinking of them as some sort of desperate creature who would kill us all. (But) The Yankees rode into town but did not seem to disturb anyone. . .My father said it was just a scouting party. Shortly after (Federal) General Robert Patterson did advance with his army and camped around the town. They stayed with us for some time. Many of them came to the house for water and often asked for something to eat, which we always gave if we had anything left! I got pretty well acquainted with many of them. . .(One of Patterson’s staff officers stayed with the Rutherfords-JS): a Captain Phillips asked if he could have a room at our house, so we gave him a room. The next day he brought a soldier with him and gave orders to allow no one to trespass or disturb the property. We fixed a bed for the guard in the wash house in the yard. – Rutherford, pp. 24-25.

    David Hunter Strother wrote:

    Carriage_Inn_7_TITLE_FINAL


    July 17 – Wednesday: west of Charles Town: At the ruin of the old Episcopal Church – the first built in the valley – the main column halted and detachments were sent forward to the right and left to inclose the town and capture the militia, which were reported to be assembled there. The army entered Charlestown with drums beating, colors flying, and all the pomp of a grand review. The streets were silent and deserted, the houses generally closed, and only a few negroes and children appeared to witness the “grand entree.” As the column passed, a Confederate flag was displayed from the upper window of a storehouse. The doors were instantly crushed in and the offensive emblem replaced by the Stars and Stripes. Otherwise everything was quiet. The sentiment of the army was conciliatory, while, from terror or sullen-ness, very few of the inhabitants showed themselves on the streets. – Strother, p. 156.
    More . . .

    4. Future Federal Major General Francis Barlow bemoans Charlestown:

    Federal officer Francis Channing Barlow of the 12th New York militia arrived and stayed in Charlestown in July, 1861 and did not fight at First Manassas/Bull Run:
    We are encamped close to the field where they say John Brown was hung, they point out the spot where his gallows was erected. I went into the Court house where John Brown was tried this morning. This town is like all Virginia towns, . . . slovenly, with occasionally some large and pleasant looking places. Last night, we had no supper. . .(This morning) we foraged about to four or five houses for breakfast without success; they saying that they were eaten out, stolen out by those who preceeded us. They are openly Secessionists here almost entirely, the women talk openly, freely, but good humoredly. – Barlow, p. 14.

    Carriage_Inn_9_FINAL_TITLE

    Barlow describes many men bathing in the Evetts Run near town:

    (I) wiped my hands on my head, the brook which runs by our encampment being so dirtied, riled by the thousands quartered higher up that it dirties one more. . .Yet thousands of naked forms can be at this moment seen washing in it. Carlton Richards and I started for town. At the town pump in the most frequented part of town, close to the Courthouse, we took off our coats, shirts and stood entirely naked except trousers, stockings and shoes, washed and cleaned ourselves in the face of the multitude among soldiers of all climes. (Barlow to his brother Edward, from Charlestown, Va, July 18, 1861).- Barlow, p. 14.

    5. A Rutherford relative teases the Federal pickets:

    dt.common.streams.StreamServer.cls


    The Yankees had a patrol that marched up and down the streets every night. No lights were to be allowed after ten o’clock. My Aunt Nancy Douglass from St. Louis was staying with us at the time. One night the lamp was burning in her room when the patrol passed. They called. “Lights out!” So Aunt Nancy picked up the lamp and held it outside the window at them. They all laughed and told us to turn it out. “Well,” she said, “you told me: ’Lights out’ so I thought you wanted it outside.” . . . – Rutherford, p. 25.

    The night of July 21st was rather exciting as the First Battle of Bull Run was fought that day. Captain Phillips told my father of their defeat at Bull Run and that the Rebs were moving on Washington. It was a desolate looking country that we looked over the next morning – the large army of troops leaving, it looked quite dilapidated. Fences were all burned and trash heaped everywhere. – Rutherford, p. 25.

    Rutherford wrote that the town undertaker found the body of a local man killed at the battle, named Frank Butler, awaiting him at his business.

    6. Sister Virginia recounts how the gift flag comes back to the Rutherfords:

    Carriage_Inn_10_FINAL_TITLE


    October 30, 1861 – Due to confusion created by units carrying different flags after 1st Manassas the 30th October 1861 saw Governor Letcher present every Virginia regiment with a bunting flag. Colonel Allen returned the 2nd Virginia’s Flag to Charles Town for safe keeping. One afternoon in late 1861, Brigadier General Torbett of the U.S. Army was encamped around

    Torbert_Staff_loc_gov_Close


    Charles Town with his Cavalry command. His Staff officers had pitched their tents in the beautiful grounds surrounding the Rutherford home and were lying all about on the grass. A little bare-footed colored girl came into the yard and wound her way among them, carrying a small package wrapped in a newspaper. Coming to a side door she handed the package to a member of the family saying, “Give this to Miss Ginny Rutherford”, and darted away. The Family never learned who the child was. Thomas Rutherford wrapped the flag carefully and put it under an iron hearth in the bed-room where it remained until after the close of the war. It would have been to them ample reason to the Federals for reducing the home to ashes. – Virginia Rutherford McMecham, letter 1920.

    1862:

    7. February 27-28, 1862 Federal General Nathaniel Banks crossed the Potomac with 30,000 men:

    Nathaniel_Banks_lov_gov

    8. A misunderstanding about “church” music at the Charlestown Presbyterian church:

    Wrote Edwin Bryant of the 3rd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment:
    Our sojourn in Charlestown was exceedingly disagreeable to the inhabitants. It annoyed them to have their churches occupied by Yankee soldiers; and the little organ was kept in full blast in one of the churches occupied by a part of the Third, while a hundred or more stout lungs vented the song, then new and expressive of the northern feeling: “John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave, But his soul is marching on.’

    The boys of the regiment determined to keep that song going constantly during our stay in Charlestown; and though we staid there several days they came near keeping good the resolve. The song and the throats of the singers were rather worn-out and ragged for sometime after. It is to be feared that the organ was a little wheezy, too. – Bryant, pp. 40-41.

    Federal officer David Hunter Strother (who knew the locals well) describes the minister’s grief:

    Carriage_Inn_11_FINAL_TITLE


    I saw Mr. Dutton flying along the street and hailed him. He greeted me and said he was going to see about the occupation of his church. I went with him and found Colonel [Thomas H.] Ruger’s Wisconsin men in occupation and taking up the carpets. The preacher was for getting out the pulpit furniture, Bibles, and candelabras. Presently looking toward the organ he saw a platoon of rugged-looking fellows around the organ and fumbling with the music books of the choir. He looked in agony at the prospective destruction and desecration. A moment after, the books were all open and fifty accordant voices rose in a thrilling anthem that filled the church with solemn music. The alarmed clergyman paused a moment. His face became calm and solemn. He turned to the officer in command: “You need not move the furniture from the pulpit, Sir. It will be safe, I feel assured. . . .” (The Reverend W. B. Dutton was the Presbyterian minister at Charles Town from 1849 to 1874).
    Strother, p. 5.

    9. Tempers flash over stolen pigs, poultry and cows:

    hog.knock_.over_.man_


    While here, the commanders were besieged with complaints from the citizens. Their geese, turkeys and chickens disappeared. They murmured that “private property was not respected.” The orders were strict enough; and officers did not countenance their violation. But so it was, everywhere that soldiers marched a great mortality prevailed among poultry, pigs and sheep. The women were most indignant and most outspoken. They took such revenge as bitter tongues and prayers that we might be exterminated could afford them. One well-to-do farmer protested against his corn and grain being taken as he had a large number of negroes dependent on him for support. In a week he was doing his own chores, milking with his own hands his last cow, and as woe-begone a secessionist as could be found anywhere. His slaves had left him; and his stock and poultry had joined the Union side, too. – Bryant, pp. 40-41 in Charlestown with Gen. Banks; spring, 1862.

    The amount of pig and chicken stealing was very considerable and all the way from the Ferry I saw soldiers with slaughtered sheep and hogs, carrying their whole quarters upon their bayonets. There was a good deal of fence burning (but) there was no wanton acts of destruction. – Strother diaries, p. 6.

    10. Young Richard Rutherford had much better luck with the Rutherford’s cows thanks to food bribes:

    Carriage_Inn_1_Milking_Cows


    He wrote: We kept two cows during the war and I did the milking. I would turn them out every day and as there were no fences left, they would get pasture all round the town. It was my job to find them in the evening and bring them home. The pickets were on Hunter’s Hill and at first refused to let me go after them, but I soon found a way to bribe them. My mother would fix up a plate of cornbread or pie or almost anything in the eating line, and armed with food and a crock of clabber, I would march up to the pickets and while they were eating I would get the cows. One of them told me to bring them some more of that feed and I could go anywhere I wanted. – Rutherford, p. 32.

    We could get nothing in the way of clothing except gray cloth made by the factories in the county, so everyone dressed in gray. No one who did not actually live in or around Charlestown can realize the trying times we suffered during the four years of war. – Rutherford, p. 33.

    Federal General Nathaniel Banks with a large army, takes up residence nearby:

    Gen. Banks made his headquarters also at Mr. Hunter’s house and one of his staff, Captain Shriver (Captain Robert C. Shriber of the 39th New York Infantry Regiment-JS), had a room at our house. He also sent a soldier, Jack White, to guard the property. A very nice and decent fellow, so he had his meals with the family and stayed with us even after the army advance to Winchester. – Rutherford, p. 27.

    11. Gen. Banks dines with Rutherfords:

    On March 10, 1862 (Monday)
    Gen. Banks, the day he left, sent his headquarters wagons off early in the morning, expecting to leave soon himself, but being delayed until night, my father told Captain Shriver to invite the General and his staff over to supper with us. The invitation was accepted and very much appreciated by them if judged by the way they ate and their thanks afterward. They left about nine o’clock. – Rutherford, p. 27.

    In late May, 1862, General Stonewall Jackson, hoping to culminate his victorious Valley Campaign against Gen. Banks by capturing Harper’s Ferry, failed to do so and retreated back through Charlestown, with a funny incident at the Rutherford house:

    12. “We don’t want him!” said the Confederates:
    In late May, 1862, Federal soldier Jack White (possibly “John White,” a private in the 39th New York Infantry Regiment under Captain Robert Shriber-JS) re-visited the Rutherfords as Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was driving White’s Federal army under Gen. Banks northward out of the Valley into Maryland. White got ensnared when arriving soldiers under Jackson happened to “look in on” the Rutherford household. Jackson’s men stayed in the area briefly, then leaving upon getting orders of Federal armies forming further south.

    Richard Rutherford recalled:
    One morning we were all sitting at the breakfast table and suddenly heard shooting on skirmish lines getting closer and closer. Poor Jack White was about through and got up and started to go – but my father told him to finish. In a few minutes men of Jackson’s line, came around the house. Some looked in the window and called out: “Hello there, Yank!” We went to the door and my father spoke to them, telling how White had taken care of the property for some months and could have easily gotten away, but that he (father Thomas Rutherford) had made him stay for breakfast. They said at once: “We don’t want him. . .” So White got on his horse and rode away unmolested. – Rutherford, pp. 27-28.

    References:

    Interview with descendant Don Amoroso, Shepherdstown, WV July 9, 2014.

    General Grant to Gen. Halleck – order stating “a crow would have to carry its own provender” on July 14, 1864:
    OFFICIAL RECORDS: Series 1, vol 40, Part 3 (Richmond, Petersburg); Chapter LII. CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. – UNION.
    If the enemy has left Maryland, as I suppose he has, he should have upon his heels veterans, militiamen, men on horseback, and everything that can be got to follow to eat out Virginia clear and clean as far as they go, so that crows flying over it for the balance of this season will have to carry their provender with them. p. 223 (SEE REFERENCES)

    1. Tom and Mary Rutherford thrive on political connections and railroad subsidies:

    Richard Duffield was paid $2500 in compensation for the railroad’s right-of-way through his land. Duffield used the money to build the depot with the railroad’s blessing, as the railroad preferred to use its capital for the line and to make use of such private depots wherever it could. The depot housed the B&O station master’s living and working quarters. –
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Source Citation: Year: 1860; Census Place: Charlestown, Jefferson, Virginia; Roll: M653_1355; Page: 797; Image: 147; Family History Library Film: 805355.
    Source Information: Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
    Original data: 1860 U.S. census, population schedule. NARA microfilm publication M653, 1,438 rolls. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.

    1860 United States Federal Census about Thomas Rutherford
    Name: Thomas Rutherford
    $36,000 real estate; $6,000 personal property
    Age in 1860: 53
    Birth Year: abt 1807
    Birthplace: Virginia
    Home in 1860: Charlestown, Jefferson, Virginia
    Gender: Male
    Household Members:
    Name Age
    Thomas Rutherford 53
    Mary E Rutherford 45
    Ellen D Rutherford 19
    Virginia Rutherford 16
    Mary Rutherford 12
    Drusilla Rutherford 5
    Thomas Rutherford 11
    Richard Rutherford 10
    search.ancestry.com 10 July 1998 Web. 20 June 2014.
    search.ancestry.com

    Source Citation: Year: 1870; Census Place: Grant, Jefferson, West Virginia; Roll: M593_1689; Page: 555B; Image: 536; Family History Library Film: 553188.
    Source Information: Ancestry.com. 1870 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
    Original data: 1870 U.S. census, population schedules. NARA microfilm publication M593, 1,761 rolls. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.

    1870 United States Federal Census about Thomas Rutherford
    Name: Thomas Rutherford
    $15,000 real estate; $3,000 personal property
    Age in 1870: 63
    Birth Year: abt 1807
    Birthplace: West Virginia
    Home in 1870: Grant, Jefferson, West Virginia
    Race: White
    Gender: Male
    Post Office: Charles Town
    Household Members:
    Name Age
    Thomas Rutherford 63
    Mary E Rutherford 55
    Thomas Rutherford 20
    Richard Rutherford 19
    Drucilla D Rutherford 15
    Madison Taylor 30
    Mary Ford 20
    Maggie Dickson 20
    search.ancestry.com 10 July 1998 Web. 20 June 2014.

    2. The Fissure Opens – John Brown nails the issue and is hanged.

    Recollections of Richard D. Rutherford. (December, 1993). “The Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society.” Volume LIX. Edited by Cecil D. Eby. Charles Town, WV: Jefferson County Historical Society. Print. pp. 17-41.

    3. July, 1861: The flag from “The Ladies of Jefferson County” & First time face-to_face With Federals:

    Strother, David H., “Personal Recollections of the Civil War.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 33, Issue: 194, July, 1866. pp. 137-160. Print.

    Strother, David H. (July, 1866). “Personal Recollections of the Civil War.” Harpers Magazine. pp. 137-160 ( SEE REFERENCES)

    Virginia Rutherford McMechem’s account in 1920 of the flag they made for Stonewall Jackson:
    This flag was made in Richmond, Virginia by George C. Ruskeil Manufacturers for the 2nd Virginia Regiment in the Spring of 1861 under the direction of Daniel B. Lucas of Charles Town. The companies composing the Second Regiment mostly belonged to Jefferson and Clark Counties. The flag arrived in Winchester, Va. on the 17th July, just as the Brigade was about to leave for Manassas Junction on 18th of July. The 1st (Stonewall) Brigade marched out of Winchester with the flag flying at the head of the Second Virginia Regiment. The purchase money was given me by Thomas Rutherford of Charles Town and several of his friends as a gift to the Regiment. Thomas Rutherford did not desire to appear so prominent in the matter, so it was allowed to go as from the Ladies of Jefferson County. On the 21st of July, date of 1st Manassas, this was the only flag carried into the battle by the First Brigade and the only Virginia flag in Jackson’s command, other troops being put under his command after he arrived on the field. Soon after 1st Manassas Thomas J. Jackson was appointed Major General and took command of the First Division of the Army of Northern Virginia; the Stonewall Brigade still holding its own, as the First Brigade of the Division. Colonel James Walkinson Allen succeeded Jackson as its commander and not long afterward was killed at Gaines Mill on the 27th June 1862. Due to confusion created by units carrying different flags after 1st Manassas the 30th October 1861 saw Governor Letcher present every Virginia regiment with a bunting flag. Colonel Allen returned the 2nd Virginia’s Flag to Charles Town for safe keeping. Latter one afternoon in late 1861, Brigadier General Torbett of the U.S.Army was encamped around Charles Town with his Cavalry command. His Staff officers had pitched their tents in the beautiful grounds surrounding the Rutherford home and were lying all about on the grass. A little bare footed colored girl came into the yard and wound her way among them, carrying a small package wrapped in a newspaper. Coming to a side door she handed the package to a member of the family saying, “Give this to Miss Ginny Rutherford”, and darted away. The Family never learned who the child was. Thomas Rutherford wrapped the flag carefully and put it under an iron hearth in the bed-room where it remained until after the close of the war. There were other treasures there also, which if they had been found by U.S.Soldiers, would have been to them ample reason for reducing the home to ashes. In 1920 Mrs. Virginia Rutherford McMechen wrote down the colourful history of the banner. Subsequently the flag came into possession of her niece, Miss Emily T. Rutherford of Baltimore, Md, who presented it to the Virginia Military Institute in January 1959. In 1976 this historic flag came into the care of Mrs. June Cunningham, VMI Museum Director. The museum has provided it with a climate-controlled atmosphere while awaiting funds for professional restoration. In 1985 Mrs. Lise Putnam Liddell of Houston, Texas generously provided the funds for restoration. It was restored by Ms. Becky Sudsbury of the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts in Winston Salem, North Carolina. A proper case has been constructed for the flag and it is held proudly at the VMI Museum.  http://2ndvirginiacsa.tripod.com/id4.html

    4. Future Federal General Francis Barlow bemoans Charlestown:

    Barlow, Francis C. (2004) “Fear Was Not In Him: The Civil War Letters of Major General Francis C. Barlow, U.S.A.,” ed. Christian G. Samito. New York, NY: Fordham University Press. Print.

    The sources of the following chapterettes are already-mentioned:
    5. A Rutherford relative teases the Federal pickets;
    6. Sister Virginia recounts how the gift flag comes back to the Rutherfords;
    7. February 27-28, 1862 Federal General Nathaniel Banks crossed the Potomac with 30,000 men.

    8. A misunderstanding about “church” music at the Charlestown Presbyterian church

    Bryant, Edwin E. (1891). “History of the Third regiment of Wisconsin veteran volunteer infantry 1861-1865.” Cleveland, OH: Arthur H. Clark company. Print.

    Bryant, Edwin E. (1891). “History of the Third regiment of Wisconsin veteran volunteer infantry 1861-1865.” Internet Archives archive.org 9 August 2002 Web. 20 April 2014.

    Our sojourn in Charlestown was exceedingly disagreeable to the inhabitants. It annoyed them to have their churches occupied by Yankee soldiers; and the little organ was kept in full blast in one of the churches occupied by a part of the Third, while a hundred or more stout lungs vented the song, then new and expressive of the northern feeling: “John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave, But his soul is marching on.’

    The boys of the regiment determined to keep that song going constantly during our stay in Charlestown; and though we staid there several days they came near keeping good the resolve. The song and the throats of the singers were rather worn-out and ragged for sometime after. It is to be feared that the organ was a little wheezy, too.

    While here, the commanders were besieged with complaints from the citizens. Their geese, turkeys and chickens disappeared. They murmured that “private property was not respected.” The orders were strict enough; and officers did not countenance their violation. But so it was, everywhere that soldiers marched a great mortality prevailed among poultry, pigs and sheep. The women were most indignant and most outspoken. They took such revenge as bitter tongues and prayers that we might be exterminated could afford them. One well-to-do farmer protested against his corn and grain being taken as he had a large number of negroes dependent on him for support. In a week he was doing his own chores, milking with his own hands his last cow, and as woe-begone a secessionist as could be found anywhere. His slaves had left him; and his stock and poultry had joined the Union side, too. – Bryant, pp. 40-41 in Charles Town with Gen. Banks; spring, 1862.

    Thomas H.Ruger
    Thomas H. Ruger, had graduated with honors at West Point, in 1854, and served as lieutenant of engineers, entrusted with important work under Beauregard, while that officef was in the United States army. He had resigned the service six years before. – wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    A VIRGINIA YANKEE IN THE CIVIL WAR THE DIARIES OF DAVID HUNTER STROTHER (1961). Edited with an Introduction by Cecil D. Eby, Jr. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. Print.

    A VIRGINIA YANKEE IN THE CIVIL WAR THE DIARIES OF DAVID HUNTER STROTHER (1961). Edited with an Introduction by Cecil D. Eby, Jr. Internet Archives https://archive.org/details/virginiayankeein000891mbp

    February 28, 1862: I left the staff at General Banks’ request and returned to Charles Town. I saw Mr. Dutton flying along the street and hailed him. He greeted me and said he was going to see about the occupation of his church. I went with him and found Colonel [Thomas H.] Ruger’s Wisconsin men in occupation and taking up the carpets. The preacher was for getting out the pulpit furniture, Bibles, and candelabras. Presently looking toward the organ he saw a platoon of rugged-looking fellows around the organ and fumbling with the music books of the choir. He looked in agony at the prospective destruction and desecration. A moment after, the books were all open and fifty accordant voices rose in a thrilling anthem that filled the church with solemn music. The alarmed clergyman paused a moment. His face became calm and solemn. He turned to the officer in command: “You need not move the furniture from the pulpit, Sir. It will be safe, I feel assured. . . .” (The Reverend W. B. Dutton was the Presbyterian minister at Charles Town from 1849 to 1874).
    Strother, p. 5.

    In 1851 the congregation moved to the current location on East Washington Street. The present sanctuary was built and soon thereafter the manse was built next door for the Pastor and his family. ctpres.org 21 December 1999 Web. 20 June 2014.

    The sources of the following chapterettes are already-mentioned:
    9. Tempers flash over stolen pigs, poultry and cows;
    10.Young Richard Rutherford had much better luck with the Rutherford’s cows thanks to food bribes;
    11.Gen. Banks dines with the Rutherfords;
    12.“We don’t want him!” said the Confederates.

    Image Credits:

    Images of Thomas Rutherford and group image of Mary E., and sons Thomas and Richard, circa 1870s – courtesy Don Amoroso.

    The Execution of John Brown; John Brown
    David Hunter Strother Collection West Virginia Historical Art Collection West Virginia Regional History Collection WVU Library.
    wvu.edu 20 November 1999 Web. 25 May 2014.

    a. Strother, David Hunter; Charleston, Va. The Execution of John Brown, December 2nd 1859 (W1995.030.374)
    images.lib.wvu.edu 20 November 1999 Web. 25 May 2014.

    b. Strother, David Hunter; John Brown (W1995.030.394pg20b)
    images.lib.wvu.edu 20 November 1999 Web. 25 May 2014.

    “Virginia Rutherford McMecham” (semblance)
    David Hunter Strother Collection West Virginia Historical Art Collection West Virginia Regional History Collection WVU Library.
    wvu.edu 20 November 1999 Web. 25 May 2013.

    St. George’s Chapel 1862
    Strother, David H., “Personal Recollections of the Civil War.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 33, Issue: 194, July, 1866. Print.

    Strother, David H. (July, 1866). “Personal Recollections of the Civil War.” Harpers Magazine. p. 123 (SEE REFERENCES)

    Flags
    2ndvirginiacsa.tripod.com 16 May 2013 Web 1 July 2014.

    Soldiers bathing, North Anna River, Va.–ruins of railroad bridge in background
    Creator(s): O’Sullivan, Timothy H., 1840-1882, photographer
    Date Created/Published: 1864 May.
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    detail of photos of men in the 12th New York militia that encamped outside Charlestown, Va. in July, 1861, including Francis Barlow and Carlton Richards.
    dmna.ny.gov 30 January 2012 Web 10 May 2014.

    Portrait of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, officer of the Federal Army
    Creator(s): Brady National Photographic Art Gallery (Washington, D.C.), photographer
    Date Created/Published: [Between 1860 and 1865]
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Gen. Phil Sheridan and Staff
    Date Created/Published: [Jan. 3, 1865]
    Medium: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion.
    Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-cwpbh-03133 (digital file from original neg.)
    memory.loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    General Jackson’s “Chancellorsville” Portrait, taken at a Spotsylvania County farm on April 26, 1863, seven days before his mortal wounding at the Battle of Chancellorsville.
    Date 26 April 1863
    Source Derivative (crop) of: File:Photograph of General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson – NARA – 526067.tif
    Author Unknown
    commons.wikimedia.org 15 September 2004 Web. 20 April 2014.

    J.E.B.Stuart
    civilwardailygazette.com 11 November 2010 Web. 10 July 2014.

    The Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    U.S. 35 Stars (1863-1864) flags
    theflagshop.net 24 May 2000 Web. 10 July 2014.

    detail from photo – courtesy Ann Cross and Don Amoroso of Mary E. Rutherford and her two sons Richard and Thomas in the 1870s.

    “Mary E. (Mrs. Thomas) Rutherford” circa 1840s (semblance)
    David Hunter Strother Collection West Virginia Historical Art Collection West Virginia Regional History Collection WVU Library.
    wvu.edu 20 November 1999 Web. 25 May 2013.

    Strother, David Hunter; 1845. Winchester. Va (W1995.030.388pg7)
    Date January 1857
    Title 1845. Winchester. Va
    Collection West Virginia Historical Art Collection
    Type Drawing
    Identifier W1995.030.388pg7
    Nationality American 1816-1888
    Medium Pen and ink wash, some white and brown highlights, some pencil
    wvu.edu 1999 Web. 25 May 2014.

    Duffields Station Today
    National Register Nomination
    West Virginia Archives & History
    wvculture.org 2 March 2000 Web. 1 Oct. 2011.

    “Richard D. Rutherford” (boy holding goose)(semblance)
    David Hunter Strother Collection West Virginia Historical Art Collection West Virginia Regional History Collection WVU Library.
    wvu.edu 20 November 1999 Web. 25 May 2013.

    Strother, David Hunter; Berkeley Springs, 1846 (W1995.030.388pg12)
    Collection West Virginia Historical Art Collection
    Type Drawing
    Identifier W1995.030.388pg12
    Nationality American 1816-1888
    Medium Pen and ink, some pencil, some white highlights
    wvu.edu 1999 Web. 25 May 2014.

    First Battle of Bull Run Kurz & Allison Public Domain
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    scared boys in the bushes
    Crayon, Porte (Strother, D. H.). “The Mountains. Pt. IV.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 44, Issue: 267, August, 1872. p. 362. Print.

    Crayon, Porte.. (August, 1872). “The Mountains. Pt. IV.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. p. 347 and p. 362 (SEE REFERENCES)

    Drawing Charles Town, Va.
    Brown, Howell S. “Map of Jefferson County, Virginia From Actual Surveys With Farm Limits, 1852.” Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society Vol. XLV. (1979): pp. 1-7. Print.

    Brown, S. Howell. (1852). “Map of Jefferson County, Virginia from actual survey with the farm limits.” United States. The Library of Congress: American Memory. “Maps Collection.” 27 Oct. 2009 Web. 10 Sept. 2010.

    Francis_C._Barlow
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Original-john-brown-words-george-kimball-1890 Public Domain
    James E. Greenleaf, C. S. Hall, C. B. Marsh – Cornell University Library Making of America Collection. The original publication of the text of the “John Brown Song”, “From an Original in the Possession of Mr. Abram E. Cutter of Charlestown”, according to George Kimball and as re-published in George Kimball, “Origin of the John Brown Song”, New England Magazine, new series 1 (1890):374.
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Charles Town Presbyterian Church, exterior, sanctuary, organ loft in 2014. – by Jim Surkamp.

    Rev. Warren B. Dutton, DD of the Presbyterian Church from 1842-1866 – courtesy of the Charles Town Presbyterian Church.

    (Library of Congress photograph cropped from a three-image photo) Thos. H. Ruger. CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1860 and 1870] NOTES Title from unverified information on negative sleeve. Annotation from negative, scratched on emulsion: 1673. Forms part of Civil War glass negative collection (Library of Congress). SUBJECTS United States–History–Civil War, 1861-1865. Portrait photographs–1860-1870. Glass negatives–1860-1870. MEDIUM 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. CALL NUMBER LC-B814- 1673 REPRODUCTION NUMBER LC-DIG-cwpb-04479 DLC (digital file from original neg.) SPECIAL TERMS OF USE No known restrictions on publication.
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Mary Rutherford (1847-1937)
    Owner/Source Mary H. Tayloe
    File name Rutherford_Mary#0252A – 2000-07-07 at 16-15-34.jpg
    File Size 2.68m
    Dimensions 1263 x 1806
    Caption Mary Rutherford b. 1847 d. 1937 m. Archibald H. Asquith Submitted by Mary H. Tayloe
    wmstrother.org 12 December 1998 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Strother, David H., “Personal Recollections of the Civil War.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 35, Issue: 210, November, 1867. Print.

    Strother, David H. (November, 1867). “Personal Recollections of the Civil War.” Harpers Magazine. p. 708. (SEE REFERENCES)

    The Most “Civil-Warred” Home – Unburned – in Jefferson County (2) by Jim Surkamp

    7272 words

    Images at Flickr: 18 https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimsurkamp/sets/72157645932550985/

    With support from American Public University System (apus.edu). The sentiments expressed do not in any way reflect modern-day policies of APUS, and are intended to encourage fact-based exchange for a better understanding of our nation’s foundational values.

    https://web.archive.org/web/20190710015427/https://civilwarscholars.com/2014/07/the-most-civil-warred-home-unburned-home-in-jefferson-county-2-by-jim-surkamp/

    Summary:

    Thomas and Mary Rutherford and their eight children – alongside the war’s flailing claws – had a flag made for Stonewall Jackson to take into battle in 1861 at First Manassas/Bull Run; entertained at dinner Federal General Nathaniel Banks with Stonewall’s returned flag precariously hidden away in an upstairs hearth; enjoyed Sam Sweeney’s banjo as he sat beside Gen J.E.B. Stuart who was visiting and sharing momentos with the family of his ride around Gen. McClellan’s army in October, 1862. They cared for wounded in late 1862, one who died and they buried. Daughter Mary dodged a bullet fired at her upstairs window, all while our callow narrator, Richard, nosed around town, saw things, and above all daily milked their two cows, that he often had to roam to find, bribing thankful Federal pickets with pie.Then the most historic two hours at Rutherford House/Carriage Inn was the meeting of Federal Generals Grant and Sheridan (almost two years to the day after the terrible Antietam/Sharpsburg battle), having surrounded the Rutherford home with a huge security cordon, and used new information smuggled into them by an African-American named Thomas Laws – correctly convincing them the time was propitious to attack Confederate General Jubal Early on the Opequon Creek. A lasting memory after the war was, for Richard, – one night sky’s hideous glow in all directions from the burning barns and, in some cases, homes torched as part of General Sheridan’s punitive campaign through the Valley, the one where his orders from Grant were curt and cruel – so that, to periphrase, a crow flying overhead would have to carry its own rations. Part Two here is about events affecting the Rutherfords in 1862, 1863 and the second half of 1864.

    Chapterettes:

    1. September, 1862: A Gift of sweets to Stonewall before battle

    2. Sept.-Oct., 1862: A wounded man dies, even though Richard tries.

    3. Monday, October 6, 1862: Stonewall writes his thanks.

    4. Tuesday, October 7, 1862: Ellen, and Ginny Rutherford likely go to the Ball at the Bower.

    5. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart brings his banjo-man to the Rutherfords’.

    6. October 16-17, 1862: The Rutherfords save a hospital attendant and a wounded Confederate officer at their home from arrest by Federals.

    7. We only wonder what sorrow the next day might bring.

    8. Sunday, October 18, 1863 – Sleeping Mary Rutherford gets a bullet through her window during a rout.

    9. Young Robert W. Baylor, Jr. takes a mad, galloping gamble:

    10.Sunday, July 17, 1864: General David Hunter’s order is carried out to burn the home of Andrew Hunter, his cousin, near the Rutherfords’.

    11.Tuesday, November 29, 1864 – Young Robert Baylor is killed east of Charlestown. On the Eve of the Battles of Antietam and Harper’s Ferry:

    1. A Gift of sweets to Stonewall before battleCarriagae_Inn_2_1_Stonewall_Treats_TITLE_1 September 12-15, 1862, Harper’s Ferry and environs: In position for attacking, surrounding and capturing Harper’s Ferry east of Halltown on Schoolhouse Ridge, Gen. Jackson was pleased to accept some delectables sent to him by Mrs. Rutherford, three miles to the west. After the Antietam Battle, the Confederate Army moves into Virginia and along the Opequon, with Gen. Stuart at the home of the Dandridge family, called The Bower in Jefferson County. Gen. Jackson’s men, and briefly General Robert E. Lee, encamped to the west in the vicinity of Bunker Hill, Va. (now West Virginia).

    2. Sept-Oct., 1862: A wounded man dies, even though Richard tries.Carriage_Inn_2_2_FINAL_TITLE Thousands of wounded from the fighting filled homes across the County, including the Rutherfords in Charlestown. Richard Rutherford recalls what must have been a maturing experience helping a dying man – “Captain Keels” – from South Carolina.A Captain Keels from South Carolina was brought to our home very badly wounded and lived but a day or two. My mother left him to me to look after, as she and my sister were caring for others who filled the house. She and others of the family came at times to see how I was getting on. On the second day, I think it was, I noticed a change to his breathing and so called my mother. She came in just as he breathed his last. We came out and closed the door and then I returned with two soldier nurses and prepared his body for burial. – Rutherford, p. 34. (Keels was buried with a short service by Rev. Dutton in Edge Hill cemetery, along with many others.-JS)

    3. Monday, October 6, 1862 – Confederate General Stonewall Jackson writes his thanks to Mrs. Rutherford:Carriage_Inn_2_3_FINAL_TITLE My dear Mrs. Rutherford, Your delicious present and kind note reached me when I was near Halltown (September 14-15th-JS) and I much regret not being able to call and see you and return my thanks in person, but at this late day I beg you to accept them.I hope sometime to have the pleasure of again visiting your house & meeting you & yours. Please remember me very kindly to Mr. R and the family. Your much attached friend – T. J. Jackson

    4. Tuesday, October 7, 1862: Ellen, and Ginny Rutherford likely go to the Ball at the Dandridge’s Bower: Carriage_Inn_2_4_Ball_TITLE_FINAL Young women from Charlestown and Shepherdstown were invited to this grand ball and fetched by van. The following day Gen. Stuart was ordered to cross the Potomac above Williamsport with 1,200 or 1,500 cavalry (NOTE: 1800, in Stuart’s report.-JS), and endeavor to ascertain the position and designs of the enemy. Being friends of Gen. Stuart who arranged the event, 22-year-old Ellen and 18-year- old Virginia (“Ginny”) Rutherford certainly were invited and it is hard to imagine anything that could keep them from going. (“Eighteen” was not too young for a woman to attend. 18-year-old Netta Edmonia Lee from Shepherdstown attended.-JS)

    The Bower and the Grand Ball’s Music Program: Grand Overture – Orchestra Cottage By The Sea – Sweeney. Lilly, Dear – Sweeney. When The Swallows Homeward Fly sung by Stuart Looka Thar Now by Capt. Tiernan Brien Going Down To Town played by Sweeney I Ain’t Got No Time To Tarry Evelyn Lively Piece Soldier’s Dream Ever of Thee Money Musk Old Grey Horse

    The Dandridge family and many of the people who were living of visiting The Bower in October, 1862:Bower.Map_.LookalikeBower.25.Perfect.Days_Bower.Then_.Now_ASDII.SCDAlexSDEPD.NDLPD.ASDIIISPD.SCDJEB.StuartFL.RL_.WH_3HVB.JEC_.WB_JBF.LTB.WAMJP.TR.RCPMM.SS_CD.NRF_.HBM_1Bob.Gilbert.Wm_CF.DD_FoxesTuesday evening, October 7 – Sweeney’s “orchestra” at The Bower as described by William Blackford:

    We had at headquarters a capital band of singers who were accompanied by Sweeney on his banjo; Bob, The General’s mulatto servant, on the bones, and occasionally, by a violin, and other instruments. But the main standby was Sweeney and his banjo, and every evening at The Bower this formed a part of the entertainment. – Blackford, pp 161-162.

    Gen. Stuart’s adjutant, Heros Von Borcke, gives his own first-hand account of his October 7th masquerade in which he – with his massive frame – and fellow cavalryman, Tiernan Brien, convinced everyone – for a while – that he was the “blushing” spouse of “The Pennsylvania Farmer:”On the 7th, a grand ball was to take place at The Bower, to which Mr D. had invited families from Martinsburg, Shepherdstown, and Charlestown, and in the success of which we all felt a great interest. As an exceptional bit of fun, Colonel Brien and I had secretly prepared a little pantomime, ‘The Pennsylvania Farmer and his Wife,’ in which the Colonel was to personate the farmer and I the spouse. Accordingly, when the guests had all assembled and the ball was quite en train, the immense couple entered the brilliantly lighted apartment – Brien enveloped in an ample greatcoat, which had been stuffed with pillows until the form of the wearer had assumed the most enormous proportions; I dressed in an old white ball-dress of Mrs D.’s that had been enlarged in every direction, and sweetly ornamented with half-a-bushel of artificial flowers in my hair. Our success greatly outran our expectations. Stuart, exploding with laughter, scrutinized me closely on all sides, scarcely crediting the fact that within that tall bundle of feminine habiliments dwelt the soul of his Chief of Staff. Again and again we were made to repeat our little play in dumb show, until, getting tired of it and wishing to put a stop to it, I gracefully fainted away and was carried from the room by Brien and three or four assistants, amid the wild applause of the company, who insisted on a repetition of the fainting scene. When, in a few moments, I made my appearance in uniform, the laughter and applause recommenced, and Stuart, throwing his arms around my neck in a burlesque of pathos, said, ‘My dear old Von, if I could ever forget you as I know you on the field of battle, your appearance as a woman would never fade from my memory.’ So the joyous night went on with dancing and merriment, until the sun stole in at the windows, and the reveille sounding from camp reminded us that the hour of separation had arrived. – Von Borcke, pp. 293-294.

    Cavalryman William Blackford also wrote of that memorable night:

    Von Borcke and Brien were taken secretly upstairs for preparations under the the Dandridge’s care. Von Borcke was transformed into a blushing maiden weighing two hundred and fifty pounds and six feet, two and a half inches tall; a riding skirt of one of the girls, supplemented by numerous dainty underskirts and extended by enormous hoops according to the fashion then in vogue, hung in graceful folds to conceal the huge cavalry boots the huge damsel wore. Her naturally ample bosom palpitated under skillfully arranged pillows, and was gorgeously decorated with the Dandridge family jewelry and ribbons; while ‘a love of a bonnet,’ long braids of hair, and quantities of powder and rouge completed her toilet, and in her hand she flirted coquettishly with a fan of huge dimensions. When there was an invited company and the parlors were all full, Von Borcke and Brien gave us another capital performance. When they made their appearance in the ballroom the surprise was complete. Both acted their parts to perfection. Paddy entertained the fair girl on his arm with loud and humorous remarks as they sauntered around the room, to which she replied with simpering affectation that was irresistibly ludicrous. No one had the faintest conception as to who they were, so perfect was the disguise. Before the company recovered from the surprise of their appearance the music struck up a lively waltz, and ’round and ’round the couple went, faster, and faster went the music, and faster and faster flew the strangers. It was not until in the fury of the whirling dance with hoop skirts flying horizontally, that twinkling amid the white drapery beneath, the well-known boots of Von Borcke betrayed the first suspicion of who the lady was. – Blackford, pp. 158-159.

    5. Late October, 1862 – Gen. J.E.B. Stuart brings his banjo-man to the Rutherfords’.Carriage_Inn_2_5_FINAL_TITLE Rutherford recalled Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s visit to the Rutherford home after his cavalrymen entered Pennsylvania from the Bower via Williamsport, MD and rode around the entire Federal army commanded by Gen. George McClellan, returning safely to the Bower on October 14th:Rutherford wrote: Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, after his raid on Chambersburg, camped at The Bower, the home of the Dandridges, a few miles from Charlestown, to rest his command, and, as was his custom when near to us, he came to visit us. He told us many things about his trip around the Yankee army. While there (at the Rutherford home), he took from his pocket a large oak leaf, pinned it in a floral album on the table and wrote: “This leaf was plucked by me in the Blue Ridge Pass on my return from the raid around General McClellan’s army,” with the date and other comments. Jeb Stuart often brought his aide, Sweeney, who was a famous banjo-picker, and used to sit on one side of the sofa with Sweeney on the other, telling him what to play. – Rutherford, p. 42.

    6. October 16-17, 1862: The Rutherfords save a hospital attendant and a wounded Confederate officer at their home from arrest by Federals:Federal General Winfield Hancock’s official report and Richard Rutherford’s recollections both depict an artillery exchange east of Charlestown, eventually won by the Federals, that left one Confederate artillerist, Captain Benjamin H. Smith, badly wounded in the foot. He was carried to the Rutherford’s house with help from a soldier just called “Red.Events.1862.21 Richard Rutherford wrote: The Union commander at Harper’s Ferry finally sent out several very large scouting parties, in all some four or five thousand men – infantry, cavalry and artillery. One, I remember, was under General Hancock and another under General Geary. The Confederates in number resisted, and they clashed hard on the hill just below our house. We all had to take to the cellar, and stay there until nearly all day, as shells and balls were thick and fast. After the clash, my brother and I picked up six or seven shells that had fallen in the next yard, in line with, but a bit short of our house. – Rutherford, pp. 29-30.Federal commander Winfield Hancock wrote of the same events in his report: On the 16th instant, in obedience to instructions, I marched toward Charlestown, Va., with my division and 1,500 men of other divisions, under command of Col. W.(illiam) R.(aymond) Lee, Twentieth Massachusetts Volunteers, and a force of cavalry, with a battery of four guns (horse artillery), Colonel Devin being in command thereof. . . . The advance of our column encountered the enemy’s pickets beyond Halltown, drove them in, and pursued until, when within short artillery range of the high ground this side of Charlestown, the enemy was found posted. He opened fire upon us with artillery. Our horse artillery battery, supported by Capt. M. A. Reno’s First Cavalry, then engaged the enemy, who opened fire from five guns, and deployed dismounted cavalry as skirmishers on their front and flanks. The town was at once taken possession of and the troops suitably disposed for defense. Toward evening our infantry advanced and occupied the heights surrounding the town, within artillery range. . . The command remained in Charlestown until about 2 pm. The next day (October 17th), when we received orders to return. . . Richard Rutherford wrote of their wounded Captain and his care-giver: Carriage_Inn_2_6_Smith In one of these battles Captain B. H. Smith (Benjamin H. Smith-JS), one of the Richmond Howitzer outfit, had his foot shot nearly off, and was brought into our house. As the Confederates were falling back, he was left with us. One of his men, by the name of “Red,” was left to nurse him. Dr. Mason and Dr. Cordell operated on his foot on our dining room table the same day, taking off a little more of his foot. “Red” was taking a basin of water into the operation for the doctors when the Yankees saw him on the porch and started to take him away. My mother rushed out and explained to them that the man was nursing his captain and they must not take him. One of them said: “But suppose he gets away?” My mother replied: “Then you can take me” – so they let him stay. Captain Smith and “Red” stayed with us until he was able to get around on crutches, when he returned to his home in Richmond. – Rutherford, pp. 29-30. Federal General Hancock found a hundred officers like Captain Smith in Charlestown, but couldn’t arrest them all because many were badly wounded: Col_J_R_Brooke_Named_Comment While in Charlestown I appointed Col. J. R. Brooke, of the Fifty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, military governor, the better to preserve order. About 100 officers and soldiers of the Confederate Army were found in the town, consisting entirely, it is believed, of surgeons, hospital attendants, convalescents, and sick. Twenty-six were sent to the provost-marshal at Harper’s Ferry, and 38 wounded and unable to be removed, were paroled. Time did not permit the paroling of all who were severely wounded, as they were scattered throughout the town, requiring more time than we had for the purpose, to find them. – W. HANCOCK, Chapter XIX, Official Record, Series I, Part 2, Vol. 19. pp. 91-92. Cornell Digital Library – The Making of America. 19 July 2011. Web. 29 January 2014.

    Spring, 1863: 7. We only wonder what sorrow the next day might bring. Carriage_Inn_2_7_FINAL_TITLE No one who did not actually live in or around Charlestown can realize the trying times we suffered during the four years of war. We could only wonder what trouble and sorrow the next day might bring to some of us. Often when a battle was in progress, our people would gather on the hills outside of town where we could hear the roar of cannon, and often even volleys of musketry . . .Very often we could not locate exactly where (the heavy fighting was in progress), but in the next day or two some of our boys would come in wounded or bring home the dead. – Rutherford, p. 33.dhs.2.womancab.150 We could get nothing in the way of clothing except gray cloth made by the factories in the county, so everyone dressed in gray. The ladies, dressed also in gray, made belts with pockets hanging to them under their skirts. When the cry went up: “Here come the Yankees,” my mother and sisters would run and fill these pockets with silverware and other valuables and what money my father might have at the time. They often carried this weight with them all day long, and at night would put the belts under their pillows. – Rutherford, p. 33.Carriage_Inn_2_7_Newspapers_TITLE_FINAL My brother and I, almost every day, would go into the country to some farmer’s house along the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and get newspapers which the trainmen would throw off as the train passed. This was the only way we got newspapers for a long time. Richmond papers were at a premium and we only got them when some of our own boys came home and brought them along. No matter what we were doing, when the papers came all work would stop as we rushed to hear the latest news. – Rutherford, p. 41.

    8. Sunday, October 18, 1863 – Sleeping Mary Rutherford gets a bullet through her window during a rout.She (Mary Aisquith) narrowly escaped being shot on one occasion. General Imboden and his men shelled the courthouse in Charles Town and the Federal Col. B.L. Simpson, 9th Maryland Infantry Regiment had to surrender. Aisquith recalled: Carriage_Inn_2_8_Mary_TITLE_FINAL His (Simpson’s) officers fled before the enemy, leaving their men to shift for themselves. These officers ran down the railroad near our house. I was in bed at the time. All at once I heard something whizz over me and strike the wall on the other side of the room. A shot had been fired into the room.” – Mary Rutherford Aisquith, The Farmer’s Advocate, September 8, 1934.Confederate Gen. John Imboden reports on shelling the Courthouse, capturing the soldiers of the 9th Maryland Infantry and their flight past the Rutherfords en route to Harper’s Ferry, who claimed they were being fired upon from homes, including the Rutherford’s:Carriage_Inn_2_8_Imboden_TITLE_FINAL I found the enemy occupying the court-house, jail, and some contiguous buildings in the heart of the town, all loop-holed for musketry, and the court-house yard inclosed by a heavy wall of oak timber. To my demand for a surrender Colonel Simpson requested an hour for consideration. I offered him five minutes, to which he replied, “Take us if you can.” I immediately opened on the buildings with artillery at less than 200 yards, and with half a dozen shells drove out the enemy into the streets, when he formed and fled toward Harpers Ferry. – J. IMBODEN (Commander of Confederate force), Chapter XLI, Official Record, Series I, Part 1, Volume 29, pp. 490-492. Cornell Digital Library – The Making of America. 19 July 2011. Web. 29 January 2014.

    1864:9. Young Robert W. Baylor, Jr. takes a mad, galloping gamble:Carriage_Inn_2_9_Baylor_Chase_TITLE_FINAL Another time I saw R. W. Baylor, Jr., a cousin of mine . . . and though he did not belong to the army, and lived at home with his mother and younger members of his family, he always carried a revolver. He was on his way into town one day and had ridden down under the stone bridge (Evitt’s Run under Washington Street-JS) to give his horse some water. He saw five Yankees turn the corner from the Berryville Pike going to Harper’s Ferry. One was leading an extra horse and (Baylor) was only a block from them. Baylor drew his revolver and with a Rebel yell, he took after them. They bolted pell mell through the town with Tud (as we called him) after them. He caught the Yankee who was leading the extra horse on Hunter’s Hill and returned with the prisoner and two horses. He turned the man loose, but took the two horses home with him. With his own horse and the other two he put out a crop of wheat for the home folks – then took his horse and went off into the army. – Rutherford, p. 37.

    10. Sunday, July 17, 1864: Federal General David Hunter’s order is carried out to burn the home of Andrew Hunter, his cousin, near the Rutherford’s. Andrew Hunter’s family took refuge at the Rutherfords:Carriage_Inn_2_10_Hunter_TITLE_FINAL One Sunday morning, we were all at church, except my father, who had stayed home. Some ten or fifteen of Baylor’s boys had come into town, and as all seemed quiet and peaceful, some of them had ventured to attend church. The minister was in the midst of his sermon when we were startled by several shouts out in front. All made a rush to get the soldiers out first. A squad of Yankees had passed, shooting at some of our boys who were visiting at their homes, but who had fled at the first alarm of their picket. Those at church had their horses tied behind the church and so succeeded in getting away over the fence in the rear before the main body of the Yankees got as far as the church. One of our men, a friend of my father’s – Newton Sadler, had left his porch talking when the Yankees dashed by. My father put him up in the attic right under a slate roof, and as it was very warm weather, he almost roasted to death. My sister took him ice water often through the day, which enabled him to survive the imprisonment. These Yankees had orders from General Hunter to burn Mr. Andrew Hunter’s house. They were first cousins. Andrew Hunter was home, but they caught him and brought him to our house, where his daughters were; so now we were in a tight place with Mr. Hunter and Yankee officers downstairs and Nate Sadler hid up in the attic! – Rutherford, p. 38.My mother talked with the officer in command (Captain William Franklin Martindale of the 1st New York Cavalry-JS) and tried to persuade them not to burn the Hunter house, but to give her time to go to Harper’s Ferry to see General Kelley, who was of no use. The men carried great armfuls of hay into each room and put it all to the match. The beautiful home was soon in flames. Nothing was saved, but the clothes the family wore. My mother and I, with the help of an old Irishman who lived with us, dragged the piano to the door and would have gotten it out had the soldiers not made us let it alone. When I saw that beautiful home in ruins, I thought no punishment was too great for General Hunter. – Rutherford, p. 39.

    11. Tuesday, November 29, 1864 – Young Robert Baylor is killed east of Charlestown: Carriage_Inn_2_11_Baylor_TITLE_FINAL Stealthily moving on, the sleeping camp was entered, and the occupants awoke to find themselves prisoners. There was sudden confusion and scampering among the enemy. Some twenty of their number, lodged in a stone house nearby, opened fire on us. Recognizing the gravity of the situation, we rushed upon the house, and, seizing the doors and windows, poured several volleys into the building. Just as George Creaton (Crayton), my brother Robert W. Baylor, Jr. (a boy of seventeen) and myself entered the door, several shots were fired by the inmates, one mortally injuring my brother and another severely injuring Creaton. After a few minutes the cry of surrender came from the group huddled together in the building, and the firing ceased. My brother and Creaton were removed to the house of Dr. Mason, who had been for years our family physician, and where I knew they would be well cared for. My brother died in a few hours, but Creaton rallied for a while and died soon after the close of the war. Baylor, pp. 265-266.Carriage_Inn_2_11_Baylor_BoysReferences:

    1. A Gift of sweets to Stonewall before battle – letter courtesy Don Amoroso.

    2. Sept-Oct., 1862: A wounded man dies, even though Richard tries.

    – Rutherford, p. 34. from Recollections of Richard D. Rutherford. (December, 1993). “The Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society.” Volume LIX. Edited by Cecil D. Eby. Charles Town, WV: Jefferson County Historical Society. Print. pp. 17-41.

    3. Monday, October 6, 1862 – Confederate General Stonewall Jackson writes his thanks to Mrs. Rutherford:

    Letter from Stonewall Jackson to Mary Rutherford – courtesy Don Amoroso.

    4. Tuesday, October 7, 1862: Ellen, and Ginny Rutherford likely go to the Ball at the Dandridge’s Bower:

    The Bower and the Grand Ball’s Music Program – Peggy Vogtsberger. “This Fine Music.”
    (NOTE: This program first appeared in an article in Volume 10, No. 4 of The Cannoneer. Sources: Burke Davis, “The Swinging Sweeneys,” The Iron Worker, Autumn, 1969, contributed by Wes Rine. Bob Trout confirmed the dates and information).
    gallantpelham.org 3 February 2006 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Blackford, William W. (1945). “War Years with Jeb Stuart.” New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Print.

    Blackford, William W. (1945). “War Years with Jeb Stuart.” Google Books. 19 July 2008. Web. 24 Dec. 2010.
    More. . .

    Von Borcke, Heros. (1867). “Memoirs of the Confederate war for independence.” Philadelphia. PA: J. B. Lippincott & Co. Print.

    Von Borcke, Heros. (1867). “Memoirs of the Confederate war for independence.” Internet Archives archive.org 9 August 2002 Web. 20 April 2014. pp. 293-294.
    More. . .

    5. Late October, 1862 – Gen. J.E.B. Stuart brings his banjo-man to the Rutherfords’.
    – Rutherford, p. 42.

    6. October 16-17, 1862: The Rutherfords save a hospital attendant and a wounded Confederate officer at their home from arrest by Federals.

    Report – W. HANCOCK, Chapter XIX, Official Record, Series I, Part 2, Vol. 19.  pp. 91-92 (SEE REFERENCES)

    Rutherford, pp. 29-30.

    Roger Preston Chew wrote of the October, 1862 battle, mentioning Capt. B. H. Smith:
    Artillery Duel at Old Fair Grounds Near Charles Town.

    Chew, Roger P. (1911) “Military Operations in Jefferson County, Virginia (and West Va.) 1861-1865.” [s.l.] : Charles Town, WV: published by authority of Jefferson County Camp, U.C.V. [by] Farmers Advocate Printing. Print.

    Chew, Roger P. (1911) “Military Operations in Jefferson County, Virginia (and West Va.) 1861-1865.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 24 Dec. 2010.31 Dec. 2010.
    More. . .

    After the battle of Sharpsburg, McClellan remained north of the Potomac for about thirty days, when he crossed below Harpers Ferry with his artillery on October 16, 1863. To screen that movement he sent Hancock with a large force of infantry, cavalry and artillery to make a reconnaissance in the direction of Charles Town. Our cavalry under the command of General T. T. Munford retired before this force until they reached a point about half a mile below Charles Town, known as the Old Fair Grounds. Here a section of Chew’s Battery under Lieutenant J. W. Carter and two guns of the Richmond Howitsers, third company under Captain B. H. Smith were placed in position, and opened on the enemy, who had planted their batteries on the hill about three quarters of a mile below, known as Butler’s Hill.

    A severe engagement between the artillery on either side took place at this point, although the enemy were greatly superior in number and guns. The Confederate guns soon got the range and inflicted serious damage upon the enemy. The resistance on their part was so bold and determined that the Federals were delayed for several hours, and after the retirement of the guns they occupied Charles Town until the next day when they retired to Harpers Ferry. Lieutenant J. W. Carter, who was greatly distinguished as an artillery officer and a man of superb courage and daring, was noticed in Official Report by General Munford, and recommended for promotion. Our forces retired towards Berryville undisturbed by the enemy. pp. 36-37.

    7. We only wonder what sorrow the next day might bring. – Rutherford, pp. 33 & 41.

    8. Sunday, October 18, 1863 – Sleeping Mary Rutherford gets a bullet through her window.

    She (Mary Aisquith) narrowly escaped being shot on one occasion. General Imboden and his men were in Charles Town and the (Federal) general had to surrender. His officers – “I call it cowardice,” she interjected – fled before the enemy, leaving their men to shift for themselves. “These officers ran down the railroad near our house,” she said. “I was in bed at the time. All at once I heard something whizz over me and strike the wall on the other side of the room. A shot had been fired into the room. That bullet-hole remained in the wall until the house was sold.” – Mary Rutherford Aisquith, The Farmer’s Advocate, September 8, 1934.

    Report, J. IMBODEN (Commander of Confederate force), Chapter XLI, Official Record, Series I, Part 1, Volume 29,  pp. 490-492 (SEE REFERENCES)

    Account of the event by Charlestown resident and Confederate artillerist, Roger Preston Chew:

    Chew, Roger P. (1911) “Military Operations in Jefferson County, Virginia (and West Va.) 1861-1865.” [s.l.] : Charles Town, WV: published by authority of Jefferson County Camp, U.C.V. [by] Farmers Advocate Printing. Print.

    Chew, Roger P. (1911) “Military Operations in Jefferson County, Virginia (and West Va.) 1861-1865.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 24 Dec. 2010.31 Dec. 2010.
    More. . .

    On October 18, 1863, Gen. John D. Imboden marched to the vicinity of Charles Town for the purpose of capturing the enemy, who were posted there in large force. The 9th Maryland Regiment of Infantry and Capt, Summer’s Cavalry Company were quartered, the first in the Court House, and the latter in the Jail.

    Imboden formed a line of battle on the Ranson farm west of the town, and extending his line to the east to the Kabletown road. He located a battery near the house of Robert Brown but found, after firing a few shots, he could not reach the Court House. He then extended his line across the Harpers Ferry road to the farm of James M. Ranson, and placing his gun on the hill north of town fired several shots through the Court House. The enemy immediately evacuated the Court House and attempted a retreat towards Harpers Ferry but were intercepted by the Confederates and the entire command captured, excepting Summers’ company which effected its escape towards Leetown. He then commenced to retreat by the pike to Berryville. He (Imboden) was pursued by a large force of the enemy and had a number of engagements between that point and Rippon. Here he formed in line to check the advance of the enemy and a serious engagement took place in which a number of men on both sides were killed and wounded. The enemy discontinued their pursuit at that point and Imboden retreated unmolested with his prisoners and captures. – Chew, pp. 30-32.
    More . .

    “‘They Are Coming!’: Testimony at the Court of Inquiry on Imboden’s Capture of Charles Town,” in “Jefferson County Historical Magazine,” LIV, Dec. 1988, Paul E. Barr, Jr., and Michael P. Musick, eds.

    Battle_of_Charlestown
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    9. Young Robert W. Baylor, Jr. takes a mad, galloping gamble:

    Rutherford, p. 37.

    10. Sunday, July 17, 1864: Federal General David Hunter’s order is carried out to burn the home of Andrew Hunter, his cousin, near the Rutherford’s. – (BOTH) Rutherford, pp. 37-39.

    11. Tuesday, November 29, 1864 – Young Robert Baylor is killed east of Charlestown:

    Robert W. Baylor household
    National Archives Catalog Title: Population Schedules for the 1860 Census, compiled 1860 – 1860. Record Group: 29; Short Description: NARA M653. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860 population schedules. Roll: 1355; State: Virginia; County: Jefferson; Minor Civil Division: [Blank]; Page: 136. fold3.com (footnote.com) January 2007 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Account of the Charlestown skirmish in which eighteen-year-old Robert W. Baylor, Jr. was killed:

    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.” Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnson Publishing. Print.

    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.”Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 1 March 2011.

    More. . .

    Confederate commander George W. Baylor described the November 29th event:
    On the night of the 29th of November, 1864, with 30 men of Company B, we attacked the camp of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Cavalry at Charles Town. Passing through the enemy’s picket line, through a hollow just east of town, under cover of a fog such as usually hangs on autumn nights over the little valleys near the river and unobserved by the sentry on the adjacent hills, we reached in safety the north side of the town and the rear of the enemy’s camp, and rode quietly to a point near the block house, about twenty yards from the camp. Here the men dismounted, leaving the horses in charge of the fourth man in each file of fours, and noiselessly gained the block house. Steathily moving on, the sleeping camp was entered, and the occupants awoke to find themselves prisoners. There was sudden confusion and scampering among the enemy. Some twenty of their number, lodged in a stone house nearby, opened fire on us. Recognizing the gravity of the situation, we rushed upon the house, and, seizing the doors and windows, poured several volleys into the building. Just as George Crayton, my brother Robert W. Baylor, Jr. (a boy of seventeen) and myself entered the door, several shots were fired by the inmates, one mortally injuring my brother and another severely injuring Crayton. After a few minutes the cry of surrender came from the group huddled together in the building, and the firing ceased. My brother and Crayton were removed to the house of Dr. Mason, who had been for years our family physician, and where I knew they would be well cared for. My brother died in a few hours, but Crayton rallied for a while and died soon after the close of the war. The loss of these two gallant soldiers was deeply deplored by their comrades, and especially by myself. In this engagement we killed and wounded 11 of the enemy, captured 27 prisoners and 37 horses – and equipments. – Baylor, pp. 265-266.
    More . . .

    Federal General John Stevenson reported on the November 29th event:
    The camp of the Twelfth Pennsylvania Cavalry was attacked last night about 12 oclock. The attacking force are a part of a Virginia regiment acting with Mosby and camped on this side the mountains. They were finally repulsed, but killed 2 of our men, wounded 1, and captured 5, also 19 horses. The enemy lost 1 killed and several wounded. The force at the camp is only a camp guard of forty men. Anticipating that the attack would be made, I directed the commanding officer to call on Heine’s infantry for assistance. He did so, but they sent him no help. Will you order him to send 100 men of his command to the camp until the regiment returns. – STEVENSON, Chapter LV, Official Record, Volume 43, Series I, Part 2,  p. 711. (SEE REFERENCES)

    More. . .

    NOTE: Richard Channing Baylor, Robert W.’s older brother, was killed a year to the day earlier November 29, 1863 at Parker’s Store near Fredericksburg, Va. – p. 408.
    More. . .

    Image Credits:

    1. A Gift of sweets to Stonewall before battle

    Map of the battle-fields of Harper’s Ferry and Sharpsburg
    Title Map of the battle-fields of Harper’s Ferry and Sharpsburg
    Creator Brown, S. Howell
    Publication Info Washington : Government Printing Office
    baylor.edu 9 May 1997 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Baking a pie
    Strother, David H., “Virginia Illustrated.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 10, Issue: 55, (Dec., 1854). pp. 1-25. Print.

    Strother, David H. (Dec., 1854). “Virginia Illustrated.” Harper’s Magazine. p. 7 
    More. . .

    Stonewall_Jackson
    Stonewall Jackson by Routzahn, 1862Public Domainview terms
    Nathaniel Routzahn (1822 – 1908), Winchester, Virginia – Valentine Richmond History Center, Cook Collection
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    2. Sept.-Oct., 1862: A wounded man dies, even though Richard tries.

    detail from “Burying the Dead at Hospital in Fredericksburg, Va.” (title from print). Title from Civil War caption book(?): “Fredericksburg, Virginia. Burial of Federal dead.” Shows four African American men digging graves; a bearded white man can be seen looking on, arms crossed, in the distance. (Same scene as LC-B8184-B-473, but from a different angle)
    Reproduction number: LC-DIG-cwpb-01844 (b&w copy scan of left half of glass negative) , LC-DIG-cwpb-01843 (b&w copy scan of right half of glass negative) , LC-DIG-cwpb-01845 (b&w copy scan of variant)
    Call number: LC-B811-2506 (glass negative); LOT 4168 (print). loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Aerial view today (2014) of Carriage Inn lot and Edge Hill Cemetery (where Captain Keels was buried) – Apple Maps.

    Hallway at Carriage Inn – today (2014).

    Image of Captain Keels’ stone in Edge Hill Cemetery
    Captain Keels Headstone, Edge Hill Cemetery
    Created by: stars&bars
    Record added: May 06, 2007
    Find A Grave Memorial# 19257579
    findagrave.com 5 December 1998 Web. 20 June 2014.

    wounded man
    Strother, David H., “Personal Recollections of the Civil War.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. New York, NY: Harper and Bros. Volume 34, Issue: 204, May, 1867. Print.

    Strother, David H. (May, 1867). “Personal Recollections of the Civil War.” Harpers Magazine. p. 725 (REFERENCES).

    More. . .

    3. Monday, October 6, 1862 – Confederate General Stonewall Jackson writes his thanks to Mrs. Rutherford:

    Image of the original letter courtesy Don Amoroso & Ann Cross

    Edgewood_Manor_-_Bunker_Hill,_WV
    commons.wikimedia.org 15 September 2004 Web. 20 April 2014.

    Stonewall_Jackson
    commons.wikimedia.org 15 September 2004 Web. 20 April 2014.

    4. Tuesday, October 7, 1862: Ellen, and Ginny Rutherford likely go to the Ball at the Dandridge’s Bower:

    Winslow Homer Great Russian Ball at the New York Academy of Music – Harper’s Weekly – November 21, 1863, p. 744. sonofthesouth.net Start date unavailable Web. 20 June 2014.

    5. Late October, 1862 – Gen. J.E.B. Stuart brings his banjo-man to the Rutherfords’.

    Series: I. Civil War drawings
    NOTE: All drawings are by Frank Vizetelly unless stated otherwise. Most drawings have penciled annotations by Vizetelly on verso (occasionally also on recto) and sometimes include changes to the original text made by his editors. Titles of drawing were taken from the Vizetelly text exactly as annotated on verso. Quotation marks included in titles are Vizetelly’s. Often the published titles, as well as the drawings, vary from the originial. (1) “Barbarous” treatment of the Negro in the Confederate Camp, nights by the pine wood fire. [Virginia, 1862 Oct.-Nov.]. 1 drawing : pencil and watercolor on buff paper ; 18 x 23 cm. AMs inscription on verso. Unsigned. Subject: Campfire scene with tent next to fire at center of scene. Dancing Negro near campfire, banjo player inside tent. These subjects surrounded by standing soldiers viewing entertainment. Forest in background. Engraved in ILN, 1863 Jan. 10.
    oasis.lib.harvard.edu 29 August 2007 Web. 20 June 2014.

    The Banjo Lesson, ca. 1893, by Mary Cassatt
    Mary Cassatt
    The Banjo Lesson, ca. 1893
    National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
    nga.gov 8 May 2013 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Front – The Carriage Inn – Charles Town, WV
    jeffersonhistoricalwv.org 22 October 2007 Web. 20 June 2014.

    6. October 16-17, 1862: The Rutherfords save a hospital attendant and a wounded Confederate officer at their home from arrest by Federals.

    Chisholm, J. J. (1864). “A Manual of Military Surgery, for the use of surgeons in the Confederate States army; with explanatory plates of all useful operations.” Richmond, VA: Columbia, Evans and Cogswell. Print.

    Chisholm, J. J. (1864). “A Manual of Military Surgery, for the use of surgeons in the Confederate States army; with explanatory plates of all useful operations.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. pp. 569-570.
    More. . .

    detail of soldier with amputated foot
    Wounded soldiers at rest near Marye’s Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia. After the battle of Spotsylvania, in 1864. (Mathew Brady/NARA).
    theatlantic.com 16 November 1996 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Nurse Anne Bell tending to wounded soldiers in a Union hospital, ca. 1863. (U.S. Army Center of Military History)
    theatlantic.com 16 November 1996 Web. 20 June 2014.

    7. We only wonder what sorrow the next day might bring.

    Duffields Depot
    West Virginia Archives & History
    wvculture.org 2 March 2000 Web. 1 Oct. 2011.

    Man reading a newspaper at table, detail from The Village Tavern by John Lewis Krimmel. Courtesy of Toledo Museum of Art
    Owner/Location: Toledo Museum of Art (Ohio) (United States – Toledo, OH)
    Dates: 1813-1814
    Artist age: Approximately 27 years old.
    Dimensions: Height: 42.86 cm (16.88 in.), Width: 57.15 cm (22.5 in.)
    Medium: Painting – oil on canvas

    Richmond Enquirer – 1865 – Virginia State Library Archives

    8. Sunday, October 18, 1863 – Sleeping Mary Rutherford gets a bullet through her window.

    Bedroom – Courtesy Carriage Inn

    Federal firing 1851 Navy Colt revolver
    imfdb.org 1 April 2011 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Mary Rutherford (1847-1937)
    Owner/Source Mary H. Tayloe
    File name Rutherford_Mary#0252A – 2000-07-07 at 16-15-34.jpg
    File Size 2.68m
    Dimensions 1263 x 1806
    Caption Mary Rutherford b. 1847 d. 1937 m. Archibald H. Asquith Submitted by Mary H. Tayloe
    wmstrother.org 12 December 1998 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Three cartridges are what original Colt Conversions of all types were chambered for. From left are .38 Rimfire, .38 Colt (long version) and .44 Colt.
    americanhandgunner.com 19 August 1999 Web. 20 June 2014.

    Colonel B.L. Simpson and Officers of 9th Maryland Volunteers
    Item ID: CSPH 337
    Creator: Unknown
    Description: Gift of Mrs. Ethel Flannagan.
    Date of Original: ca. 1863
    Collection: Cased Photographs Collection; Special Collections Department
    Type/Size: Image; Physical object
    mdhs.org 1 December 1998 Web. 20 June 2014.

    John Imboden
    wikipedia.org 27 July 2001 Web. 20 May 2014.

    9. Young Robert W. Baylor, Jr. takes a mad, galloping gamble:

    Robert W. Baylor, Jr.
    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.” Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnson Publishing. Print.

    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.”Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 1 March 2011. p. 41.

    “Battles and Leaders. Vol. 1.” (1887). Robert Underwood Johnson, Clarence Clough Buel (Ed.). New York, NY: Century Co. Print.

    “Battles and Leaders Vol. 1.” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Sept. 2010. p. 126.

    More. . .

    Charlestown, Va. Washington Street, 1852
    Brown, Howell S. “Map of Jefferson County, Virginia From Actual Surveys With Farm Limits, 1852.” Magazine of the Jefferson County Historical Society Vol. XLV. (1979): pp. 1-7. Print.

    Brown, S. Howell. (1852). “Map of Jefferson County, Virginia from actual survey with the farm limits.” United States. The Library of Congress: American Memory. “Maps Collection.” 27 Oct. 2009 Web. 10 Sept. 2010.

    More. . .

    10. Sunday, July 17, 1864: General David Hunter’s order is carried out to burn the home of Andrew Hunter, his cousin, near the Rutherford’s.

    Title: Maj. Gen. Hunter / Brady’s National Portrait Galleries, New York & Washington.
    Creator(s): Brady’s National Photographic Portrait Galleries, photographer
    Date Created/Published: [between 1860 and 1863]
    loc.gov 4 May 1999 Web. 20 May 2014.

    Andrew Hunter
    West Virginia Archives & History
    wvculture.org 2 March 2000 Web. 1 Oct. 2011.

    11. Tuesday, November 29, 1864 – Young Robert Baylor is killed east of Charlestown:

    Robert W. Baylor, Jr. (1846-1864)
    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.” Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnson Publishing. Print.

    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.”Internet Archives p. 41 https://archive.org/details/bullruntobullru00baylgoog/page/n45/mode/2up?view=theater

    George Creaton
    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.” Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnson Publishing. Print.

    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.”Internet Archives: p. 106 http://archive.org/stream/bullruntobullru00baylgoog#page/n109/mode/2up

    Richard Channing Baylor (1839-1863)
    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.” Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnson Publishing. Print.

    Baylor, George. (1900).”Bull Run to Bull Run: Four years in the army of northern Virginia.”Internet Archives: p. 29 https://archive.org/stream/bullruntobullru00baylgoog#page/n33/mode/2up

    General John D. Stevenson
    mydunlap.net 9 February 2009 Web. 20 June 2014.

    George W. Baylor (1843-1902)
    archives.dickinson.edu 9 September 2012 Web. 20 June 2014.

    “Battles and Leaders. Vol. 3″. (1887). Robert Underwood Johnson, Clarence Clough Buel (Ed.). New York, NY: Century Co. Print.

    “Battles and Leaders. Vol. 3” Internet Archives: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music, and Wayback Machine. 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Sept. 2010. p. 114.
    More. . .

    “Thy Will Be Done” – Chapter 1 – 1850s – The Days That Never End – But That Did – The Day of the Horses – The Ring Tournament in Leeland Field by Jim Surkamp

    1783 words

    TRT: 9:48 Video link https://youtu.be/MBOZycGrS98

    Images in Flickr: 57 https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimsurkamp/albums/72157651149391278

    With support from American Public University System (apus.edu). (The sentiments in this production do not in any way reflect modern-day policies of APUS).

    https://web.archive.org/web/20190710015027/https://civilwarscholars.com/2014/12/thy-will-be-done-1-1850s-the-days-that-never-end-but-that-did/

    .

    The wheat harvest was gathered, and the heats of midsummer were beginning to drive all who had means and leisure to congregate about famous springs and cool places in the mountains.

    It was really the discovery of printing that killed chivalry, soul and body. Then the power that comes of knowledge passed over to the unarmed people. The unlettered prince could no longer delegate the writing and reading of his letters to a hired valet.

    Front field of Leeland, Route 480 Shepherdstown, WV Google Maps

    Tuesday August 4th, 1857, Shepherdstown, Va.

    The Day of the Horses – The Ring Tournament in Leeland Field.

    On Tuesday last, a large assemblage of people, consisting of the youth and beauty of Jefferson, and Berkeley counties, Va., and Washington County, Md. collected at Leeland, near this place to witness the exciting scenes of a Tournament that came off there. – (1).

    The tournament lists were staked out on a long level of evenly mowed turf some four hundred yards in length, guarded on either side by a railing of rope, and spanned near the further extremity by an arch of evergreen boughs, from the centre of which the ring was suspended. Outside of these lines were double rows of light wagons and carriages, regularly packed and filled with eager spectators.

    Near the centre were several extensive pavilions, made of wagon covers, bolting-cloths, or more agreeably thatched with fresh green boughs, shading rows of rough plank seats already occupied by the elite of the company – rustic dames whose silks and ribbons, or maidens whose delicate cheeks, shunned the scorching sunshine.

    Between this dress circle and the rope harrier the space was crowded with the undistinguished multitude of leather-faced mountaineers, squatting or lounging upon the grass, of lint-headed, bare-legged

    children, and negroes full of eager hilarity and vociferous expectation. Behind all, barns, stables, sheds, fodder-racks, fence corners, and umbrageous thickets afforded shelter for the four-footed chivalry who were to play the leading part in the amusements of the day. – (2)

    Prior to the tilting the Gallant Knights were addressed by the President, Mr. Henry K. Douglas, of Ferry Hill, Md. in the following neat and appropriate speech. His delivery was bold, clear and impressive for one so young:

    Gallant Knights – You have assembled here today not for the purpose of provoking Iron Mars, but that you may exhibit your devotion to the fair daughters of Eve, and given them assurances that as you now make known your consciousness of their charms, so you will ever consider it your greatest duty and supreme pleasure, to protest those charms though death alone be your reward.

    You need no allusion to Knights of ancient days to increase your valor, nor stories of bleeding champions and fainting ladies to arouse your gallantry. You possess that generous spirit which would welcome the sword as readily as the harmless lance, did the cause of love require it.

    But even if you did not, you have before you a picture of loveliness that could change the hermit to a sprightly courtier, make the tottering sire forget his hoary hairs, and straightway as a boy again. And the merry hearts of these fair ladies are beating in unison with yours, for as your fleet steeds pursue their swift course, and you hasten towards the fatal ring, they wait an anxious sympathizing expectation and hail your success with a smile or announce your failure with a sigh. Knowing that you feel doubly inspired by the beautiful scene before you, and bearing on your banner the motto: “Cupid and the Ladies,” I bid your charge and may the God of Love grant you success and your reward the smiles of the fair with crowns of rosy garlands. – (3)

    The hour had come, the trumpet call had sounded. The enlisted knights were already mustered behind the barn. The chief marshal of the tournament a handsome fellow, superbly mounted, with peaked beard and flowing locks cultivated expressly for the role, bobbing with plumes and fluttering with rosettes, with an air of egregious importance, was galloping to and fro, posting his guards, heralds, and pursuivants at their proper stations.

    The ladies were lightly and gracefully dismounted, and their horses led away. Choice seats had been reserved in the green pavilion, and a sweep of the chiefs broadsword removed the rope barriers from their path.

    As (one lady) ascended the steps all the men and boys within range jostled each other and stretched their necks to catch a glimpse, while all the rosy cheeks turned pale with curious envy. The music ceased, the vocal murmurs died away. The orator and knights remounted to join the muster behind the barn.

    Again the signal bugle was blown, and a troop of horsemen burst into the lists at full gallop. They were received with a storm of drums, trumpets, brass-bands, cheers, and waving of handkerchiefs and banners. Charging through the whole length of the course, they executed some pretty military maneuvers, and wheeling, galloped back to their starting-place. The parade resembled the grand entree at a circus, or, perhaps, a fancy ball on horseback. The knights were attired variously, according to their whims and pretensions, each wearing some token – a glove, a handkerchief, a ribbon, or bouquet from the lady in whose honor he proposed to risk his neck and exhibit his skill. Two or three were masked, and wore no favors by which they might be distinguished unknown, perhaps, except to their lady-loves, with whom there had been a secret understanding. At length all the preliminary ceremonies were concluded, and the game commenced. Then the judges were posted beside the arch where the ring hung suspended.

    Heralds to proclaim the count, grooms and attendants to replace the ring when taken off and to assist any cavalier in case of an accident. Others along the line kept back the eager and excited crowd with drawn sabres, while at the lower end the chief marshal called a roll of the knights, who took their places in line in order as they were named. – (4).

    We never before saw such an array of female beauty and chivalry, as was there assembled:

    The following are the names of the officers and Knights:

    President – Henry K. Douglas
    Heralds – James L. Towner, Samuel Moore


    Judges – R. Davis Shepherd, Jr., Samuel B. Neil
    George H. Murphy – Knight of Ivanhoe
    Thomas Chapline – Hotspur
    R. T. Berry Harvy Percy

    E. G. Lee – Knight of Alhambra

    George R. Bedinger – Saladin
    Joseph T. Hess – Rienzi
    Daniel Morgan – Long Star
    Dr. P. Grove – Knight of Woodburry

    (In a previous tournament held at Shannondale Springs, the president

    had been Col. John F. Hamtramck of Shepherdstown; R. D. Shepherd, Jr. won three consecutive contests, allowing him to award the Queen of Love and Beauty to Miss Rosa Parran of Shepherdstown). – (5).

    The riding at Leeland was very graceful and well done, exiting and animating, evidencing great proficiency in Equestrianism and abundantly showing that the chivalry of the Old Dominion is still in keeping with the world-wide reputation she has won in days of yore.

    After three alternate charges by each Knight, R. T. Berry, George H. Murphy, and Dr. P. Grove, were declared the victors; after which the Knights were again marshaled in front of that array of beauty and love that could be with the many colors of the rainbow, when the coronation took place as follows: – R. T. Berry crowned Miss Julia J. Hays, of Sharpsburg, MD., Queen of Love and beauty; George H. Murphy selected Miss Mary Abbott of Georgetown, D.C., First Maid of Honor; Dr. P. Grove selected Miss Lillie Parran, Second Maid of Honor.

    The coronation was performed by the President in a graceful and becoming manner and each was prefaced by a neat speech in the most beautiful language.

    At night the exercises of the day were wound up by a magnificent Cotillion.

    After the selection, the company repaired to the hotel where a most sumptuous feast was spread there with the flow of champagne and the

    exchange of toasts consumed the afternoon. Every one then retired to their rooms to prepare for the fancy ball.

    At about half past eight o’clock, the spacious ballroom was thronged with spectators awaiting entrance of the Queen and her Champion and cortege and attendants.

    At the sound of music, the folding doors at the upper end of the room were suddenly opened, and the Queen and her Champion, richly

    dressed in fancy costumes, the same wreath of such freshness . . . resting on his brow, appeared followed by the Knight and Maids of Honor and a long train of attendants all fancifully attired.

    They proceeded to the far end of the room and took their stand when the crowds made their obeisance. Then the Queen and her Champion and three Knights and Maids of Honor took hands, formed and danced

    a cotillion, and the ball was opened for the evening. I have been to many balls and have seen much in this way, but have never seen one so bright and beautiful as this. The many characters represented every nation, and flitted before you in such rapid succession that it was impossible to identify. A few, however, were very conspicuous.

    There were some others whom we noticed were magically attracting much attention, and there was one, “the gayest in the revel, the lightest in the dance,” who “Like a fairy on a festival morning, She tripped in the merry quadrille, Bright blushes her features adorning, She conquered the crowd at her will.”

    The dancing was kept up until the “wee hours of morning admonished them to part. And this ended a gala day long to be remembered by all.”- (6).

    At an earlier ring tournament at Shannondale Springs in the County, an older generation prevailed.

    “The president of the day, one Henry Bedinger addressed them in such eloquent tones and elevated and inspired sentiments that the dullest bosum was roused to the highest daring and the true spirit of ancient chivalry was revived. . . The speech of Mr. Bedinger was most appropriate and beautiful. When he had concluded, the knights repaired to the place of starting. Then began the most splendid contention that I ever witnessed. It is impossible to give a detailed

    account of it, but the horses catching the spirit of the rider, flew like the wind and their flashing eyes and foaming mouths betrayed the high excitement . . .

    Mr. Lewis Washington, as the English hunter of the 15th century, so superbly he filled the character so to very life, and Mr. John Pendleton Kennedy in the court dress of Louis the 14th looked remarkably striking and handsome.” – (7).

    Main sources:
    The Shepherdstown Register, August 8, 1857.

    Crayon, Porte (Strother, D. H.). “The Mountains – X.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. Volume 51. Issue: 304 (September, 1875). pp. 475-486. Print.

    The Baltimore Sun, September 1, 1849.

    The Baltimore Herald, August 2, 1848,
    (Thornton Perry collection, Virginia State Library).

    Image Credits:

    Col.John Francis Hamtramck http://www.wvculture.org/history/thisdayinwvhistory/1118.html

    The Virginia Reel https://reallifeartist.wordpress.com/

    19th Century Social Dance
    http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/dihtml/diessay6.html

    Howe’s Complete Ball-room Handbook
    http://www.kickery.com/civil_war_american/

    An illustration of three American couples performing a Country-dance in the Longways Minor set, c. 1820.
    The Granger Collection, New York, ID: 0048338.
    http://testaae.greenwood.com

    War – Newell Convers Wyeth (detail of horse)
    http://www.militar.org.ua/foro/la-pintura-y-la-guerra-t18709-7455.html

    By Wing-Chi Poon [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Sanddunes_Sunrise.jpg

    NEXT: Chapter 2. https://civilwarscholars.com/american-civil-war/thy-will-be-done-chapter-2-working-jefferson-countys-peaceful-fertile-lands-by-jim-surkamp/